周延理论难题及其解决方案  

A Puzzle in Distribution Doctrine and its Solutions

作　　者：张燕京 李邢睿 Yanjing Zhang;Xingrui Li

机构地区：[1]河北大学哲学与社会学学院

出　　处：《逻辑学研究》2023年第5期47-68,共22页Studies in Logic

摘　　要：传统词项逻辑试图接纳亚里士多德逻辑不认可的负词项,但这使得传统词项逻辑成为了一个不一致的理论,原因是负词项的引入与传统的周延理论存在冲突。取消负词项的合法地位可以直接消解不一致性,但会极大缩小词项逻辑的表达与推理能力。因此,对周延理论进行怎样的修改才能使词项逻辑恢复一致并判定出全部有效三段论,是词项逻辑面临的一大难题。传统逻辑学家对该难题进行了一定的探索,但并没有产生一个公认可行的解决方案。现代逻辑学家对该难题的研究存在两种路径:一是在保留周延性传统内涵的基础上修改命题中词项周延性的四条规定,二是修改或删除周延性传统内涵以保留命题中词项周延性的四条规定。其中第二种路径可以与现代逻辑的研究成果相结合并进一步判定出接纳负词项的全部有效三段论,体现了词项逻辑中周延理论最前沿的发展趋势。解决该难题有助于完善逻辑学的理论,促进词项逻辑的进一步发展。Traditional term logic attempts to accept negative terms that are not recognized by Aristotle logic,but this makes traditional term logic an inconsistent theory due to the conflict between the introduction of negative terms and traditional distribution doctrine.Cancelling the legal status of negative terms can directly eliminate inconsistency,but it will greatly reduce the expression and reasoning ability of term logic.Therefore,how to modify the distribution doctrine to restore consistency in term logic and determine all valid syllogisms is a major puzzle faced by term logic.Traditional logicians have explored the puzzle to some extent,but have not produced a generally accepted and feasible solution.Modern logicians have two ways to solve this puzzle:One is to modify the four provisions of the distribution of terms in propositions on the basis that retaining the traditional connotation of distribution.The other is to modify or delete the traditional connotation of distribution to retain the four provisions of the distribution of terms in propositions.The second approach can be combined with the research results of modern logic and further determine all valid syllogisms that accept negative terms,reflecting the cuttingedge development trend of distribution doctrine in term logic.Solving this puzzle will help to improve the theory of logic and promote the further development of term logic.

关 键 词：周延理论 词项逻辑 负词项 三段论 不一致性 

分 类 号：B81[哲学宗教—逻辑学]