上古汉语“降”的音义、句法及相关问题  

The Pronunciation,Meaning,Syntax and Some Further Issues of“降”in Old Chinese

作　　者：向筱路 Xiang Xiaolu

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心/中文系

出　　处：《国学学刊》2023年第3期114-127,142,共15页Research in the Traditions of Chinese Culture

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“面向上古汉语知识库的出土文献词汇语法研究”(22JJD740003)的阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：“降”是一个多音多义字,本文详细讨论了它在上古汉语时期的音义匹配及句法特征,认为读见母去声的“降”用在双宾式时指强制性地赐予,用在“于”字式时指普通的降予。“降”读见母去声时还可以指“在具有序列性的事物上降低”,大型古汉语辞书中应增设这个义项。先秦到两汉,“降”在韵文中基本上都只和平声字押韵,可能是因为当时能与“降”押韵的去声字较少。中古音义文献在注音时可能受押韵的影响,认为同调相押更加和谐,给某些韵脚字注隐性叶音,造成音义匹配的例外。"降"(jiang&xiang)has no more than one pronunciation and meaning.In this article,we discuss the match of pronunciation and meaning,and syntax features of"降"in Old Chinese.In terms of the"降"pronounced with jian initial(见母)and qu tone(去声),when used in the double objects construction,it denotes the behavior of mandatory bestowal,and refers to ordinary giving when used in the yu construction When"降"pronounced with jian initial and qu tone,it also can denote descending in sequence,which should be added to the large-scale dictionaries of ancient Chinese.In the literary composition in rhyme from Pre-Qin to Han dynasty,"降"rhymes with words with ping tone(平声),and this is due to the fact that there are not many words with qu tone(去声)that could rhyme with"降".In the medieval phonetic literature,scholars might think that rhyming in the same tone was more harmonious,and thus annotated the xiéyin(叶音)to some rhyming words.Consequently,might resulting in exceptions to the match of pronunciation and meaning.

关 键 词：“降” 音义匹配 句法特征 隐性叶音 

分 类 号：H131[语言文字—汉语] H141