我国规模奶牛场繁殖性能现状分析  

The current situation of dairy breeding on large-scale dairy farms in China

作　　者：韩萌 王晶[1] 祝文琪[1] 王礞礞[1] 彭华[1] HAN Meng;WANG Jing;ZHU Wenqi;WANG Mengmeng;PENG Hua(Agricultural Information Institute,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业信息研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《畜牧与兽医》2023年第11期124-131,共8页Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine

基　　金：中国农业科学院农业信息研究所2023年度科技创新工程项目(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-AII)。

摘　　要：旨在响应国家对奶业提出的种业振兴要求,进一步了解我国规模奶牛养殖场繁殖育种现状。本文对我国22个省(市)320个规模奶牛养殖场奶牛品种及来源、冻精使用情况、奶牛利用胎次、关键繁育性能情况、繁殖类疾病的发生和治疗情况、繁育技术的应用情况和相关技术人员从业情况等方面进行了系统调查和多维度分析。调研分析表明:当前我国规模奶牛场以饲养荷斯坦奶牛为主,饲养乳肉兼用牛品种的牧场数量稍有提升,国内奶牛来源以自繁自育为主,进口遗传物质的市场占比远高于国产遗传物质,国内奶牛场胚胎移植技术使用仍不广泛;较大比例的牧场通过科学规范地利用奶牛繁育技术,提高奶牛场繁殖工作效率;繁殖疾病是影响牧场收益和导致奶牛高死淘率的主要原因之一;奶牛场中配种相关从业人员4/5以上为专职配种员,是除了场长之外工资最高的一个工种。根据调研结果,建议行业逐步建立符合我国奶牛养殖业需求的良种选育和评价标准,提升民族自主育种能力;加强奶牛场的细节管理,提高繁殖水平,降低繁殖类疾病的发病率;重视人才培养,打造奶业繁殖技术高质量人才队伍,助力我国奶业的高质量发展和种业振兴。The paper was to respond to the national requirements for the revitalization of the dairy industry so as to further understand the current situation of breeding on large-scale dairy farms in China.A systematic survey and multidimensional analysis were performed involving 320 large-scale dairy farms in 22 provinces(cities)in China in terms of the breeds and sources of cows,the use of frozen semen,the num⁃ber of litters utilized by cows,the key breeding performance,the occurrence and treatment of breeding diseases,the application of breeding technology and the employment of relevant technicians.The results were as follows:currently,Holstein cows are the main breed in China's large-scale dairy farms,and the number of farms feeding dual purpose cattle breeds has slightly increased.The source of domestic cows is mainly self-breeding,and the market share of imported genetic material is much higher than that of domestic genetic material.The use of em⁃bryo transfer technology in dairy farms is still not widespread.A larger proportion of farms use dairy breeding technology in a scientific and standardized manner to improve the breeding efficiency of dairy farms.Breeding diseases are a major factor affecting the efficiency of dairy farms.Reproductive diseases are one of the main factors affecting farm income and leading to high dairy cattle mortality.More than 4/5 of the breeding-related employees in dairy farms are full-time workers,which is one of the highest paid jobs following that of the farm manager.Ac⁃cording to the research results,it is recommended that the industry should gradually establish the selection and evaluation standards of good breeds that meet the needs of China’s dairy farming industry and enhance the national independent breeding capacity,should strengthen the detailed management of dairy farms to improve the breeding level and reduce the incidence of breeding diseases,should pay attention to the training of talents to build a high-quality talent team for dairy breeding technology and should

关 键 词：规模奶牛场 奶牛繁殖育种 奶牛种业 繁殖技术 奶牛场管理 

分 类 号：S823[农业科学—畜牧学]