论康德定言命令演绎的“失败”与“倒转”问题  

On the Problem of"Failure"and"Reversal"in Kant's Deduction of Categorical Imperative

作　　者：杨东升 Yang Dongsheng

机构地区：[1]兰州理工大学马克思主义学院

出　　处：《理论界》2023年第10期57-63,共7页Theory Horizon

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目“合成生物学伦理、政策法规框架研究”(2018YFA0902400)的研究成果。

摘　　要：诸多研究者认为康德在《道德形而上学奠基》中的定言命令演绎由于陷入了循环论证并且未能证明理知世界的实践意义,所以也就无法确证自由意志的实在性导致了演绎的“失败”,为了弥补这个错误,他就在《实践理性批判》中又提出了一个演绎,它“倒转”了《道德形而上学奠基》中演绎的次序,即不是由自由意志推导出伦理法则,而是由后者推导出前者。但是通过对两个演绎的分析,这种观点并不成立,因为首先,这个循环论证是出于解释自律的需要;其次,实践意义包含在理知世界的内涵中,并且实践的实在性只在于逻辑普遍性,因此它就足以对自由意志的实在性给予确证;最后,两个演绎次序相同,但是“理性的事实”是对理性纯粹自发性的完善,说明了后者的实际内容。Many researchers think that Kant's deduction of categorical imperative in"Groundwork"is caught in the circular argument and fails to prove the practical meaning of the intelligible world,so it cannot certificate the reality of free will,which leads to the"failure"of deduction.In order to make up for this failure,he proposed another deduction in"Critique of Practical Reason"which"reversed"the order of deduction in"Groundwork",that is,the moral laws are not derived from free will,but from the former to the latter.But through the analysis of two deductions,this point of view is not tenable,because firstly,this circular argument is out of the need of interpretation self-discipline;Secondly,the practical meaning is contained in the connotation of the intelligible world,and the reality of practical faculty consists only in the logical universality,therefore it suffices to confirm the reality of free will;Finally,the two deductive sequences are identical,but"fact of reason"is the perfection of pure spontaneity of reason,it sheds light on the content of this spontaneity.

关 键 词：演绎 自律 自由意志 理知世界 理性的事实 

分 类 号：B1[哲学宗教—世界哲学]