监控施肥对旱地冬小麦土壤水分、干物质积累转运和产量的影响  

Effects of Monitoring Fertilization on Soil Moisture,Dry Matter Accumulation,Transport and Yield of Winter Wheat in Dryland

作　　者：张亚蓉 程宏波[1] 马建涛 王文杰 吴炳权 ZHANG Yarong;CHENG Hongbo;MA Jiantao;WANG Wenjie;WU Bingquan(College of Bioscience and Technology,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China;Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Arid Habitat Crop Science/College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China)

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学生命科学与技术学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室/甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070

出　　处：《山西农业科学》2023年第11期1307-1314,共8页Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-3-2-47);国家自然科学基金项目(31760326)。

摘　　要：我国西北旱地土壤养分匮乏、生产力低下,多数地区存在着盲目施肥现象,缺乏合理的施肥技术。监控施肥具有减肥稳产、平衡土壤养分、培肥地力和降低土壤残留的优点,对解决小麦生产过程中不合理施用肥料的问题具有重要作用。试验在甘肃省雨养农业区,以农户施肥(T1)为对照,研究监控施肥(T2)、监控缺氮(T3)、监控缺磷(T4)及监控缺钾(T5)施肥处理对冬小麦土壤水分变化、水分利用效率、干物质积累转运以及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,T2处理较T1处理显著增加小麦单位面积穗数21.1%,从而增产6.7%;T2处理较T1处理提高除开花期外其他各时期0~200 cm土壤贮水量(0.2~2.4 mm),提高水分利用效率8.0%;T2处理在一定程度上可促进小麦生长,较T1处理增加成熟期地上部干物质积累,提高花后干物质积累量和花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率。养分缺失会抑制小麦生长,减少耗水,且小麦对氮素、磷素缺失较为敏感,T3、T4处理较T2处理分别显著降低成熟期地上部干物质积累量37.4%、25.2%,分别降低籽粒产量29.6%、10.2%;缺钾则会显著降低花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率。综上,监控施肥可提高水分利用效率,促进小麦生长,实现稳产增产,其可在西北半干旱麦区的生产实践中推广使用。In the drylands of northwest China with scarce soil nutrients and low productivity,most areas suffer from single and excessive or insufficient fertilizer application and lack of reasonable fertilizer application techniques.Monitoring fertilization has the advantages of fertilizer reduction and yield stabilization,balancing soil nutrients,cultivating soil strength,and reducing soil residues,which plays an important role in solving the problem of unreasonable fertilizer application during wheat production.In this study,the effects of monitoring fertilization(T2),monitoring nitrogen deficiency(T3),monitoring phosphorus deficiency(T4)and monitoring potassium deficiency(T5)fertilization treatments on soil moisture changes,water use efficiency,dry matter accumulation transport and seed yield of winter wheat were researched in a dry rainfed agricultural region of northwest China,using farmer fertilization(T1)as a control.The results showed that T2 significantly increased the number of spikes per unit area of wheat by 21.1%compared with T1,resulting in a 6.7%of yield increase;T2 increased soil water storage(0.2-2.4 mm)from 0-200 cm in all periods except for the flowering stage compared with T1,and improved water use efficiency by 8.0%;T2 promoted wheat growth to a certain extent,increased aboveground dry matter accumulation at maturity compared with T1,and increased post-flowering dry matter accumulation and the contribution of post-flowering dry matter accumulation to the seeds.Nutrient deficiencies inhibited wheat growth and reduced water consumption,and wheat was more sensitive to nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies.T3 and T4 significantly reduced above-ground dry matter accumulation at maturity by 37.4%and 25.2%,and reduced seed yield by 29.6%and 10.2%compared to T2;potassium deficiency significantly reduced the contribution of post-flowering dry matter accumulation to seed yield.In conclusion,monitoring fertilization could improve water use efficiency,promote wheat growth,achieve stable and increased yields,and cou

关 键 词：冬小麦 监控施肥 土壤水分 干物质 产量 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学] S314