论最高国家权力机关“四权”的区分标准  

On the Distinguishing Criteria of"Four Powers"of the Highest State Organ of Power

作　　者：江辉 JIANG Hui

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法律评论》2023年第5期114-127,共14页China Law Review

摘　　要：“四权”分类是认识最高国家权力机关职权的传统框架,但“四权”的内涵与相互之间的界限一直未能厘清,从而造成权力行使后的权力依据识别困难和权力无法规范行使等问题。为使“四权”分类能够成为清晰的学术和法律概念,应当以同类权力有同类法律效果和同类行使要求的标准重新界定“四权”。立法权是制定法律的权力,其核心特征是创制性,权力行使的法律效果是创设法律;监督权是判断国家机构行使权力是否符合宪法和法律规范并作出处置的权力,其核心特征是法定性和判断性;任免权是依据宪法和法律作出人事任免的权力,其核心特征是法定性和人事性;重大事项决定权只是宪法和法律规定的无法归入前述三种权力的各项职权的兜底性称谓,其核心特征是法定性和兜底性。后三类权力行使的法律效果,依据规定该三类权力的宪法和法律规范判断。为免争议,应当通过完善议事规则,使每一类权力的行使均有清晰的外在形式识别特征。The classification of"four powers"is a traditional framework for understanding the functions and powers of the highest state organ of power,but the connotation and the boundaries among the"four powers"have not been clarified,resulting in difficulties in identifying the power basis after the exercise of power and the inability to regulate the exercise of power.In order to make the classification of"four powers"as a clear academic and legal concept,the concept of"four powers"should be redefined based on the standards that the same kind of power has the same legal effect and the same kind of exercise requirements.Legislative power is the power to make laws,the core feature of which is creativity,and the legal effect of the exercise of power is to make laws.The power to supervise is the power to judge whether the exercise of power by state agencies conforms to the Constitution and legal norms and to make dispositions,and its core features are statutory and judgment.The right to appoint and dismiss is the power to appoint and remove personnel in accordance with the Constitution and the law,and its core features are statutory and personnel.The power to decide on major matters is just a catch-all concept for various functions and powers stipulated by the Constitution and laws that cannot be classified into the aforementioned three powers.The core features are statutory and comprehensive.The legal effect of exercising the latter three types of powers shall be judged according to the constitution and legal norms that stipulate the three types of powers.In order to avoid disputes,the rules of procedure should be improved so that the exercise of each type of power has a clear external identification feature.

关 键 词：“四权” 立法权 重大事项决定权 监督权 最高国家权力机关 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]