古格遗址壁画制作工艺研究及保护效果评估  

Study on the Craftsmanship and Protection Evaluation of Murals at Guge Site

作　　者：傅鹏[1] 唐伟[2] 黄伟[2] 乔兆广[2] 郝尚飞 Tang Wei;Fu Peng;Huang Wei

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院/甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心 [2]敦煌研究院

出　　处：《四川文物》2023年第5期106-118,共13页Sichuan Cultural Relics

摘　　要：古格王国遗址壁画独特的题材为研究其政治体制、宗教文化及社会经济提供了重要历史资料,但酥碱、起甲、脱落等病害严重威胁壁画完整性。通过现场调查结合微损取样分析,对古格遗址现存壁画的颜料成分及制作工艺进行研究,并针对壁画病害开展了修复材料现场筛选试验,同时对修复效果进行了评估。结果表明,壁画层面结构为支撑体、地仗层、颜料层,除白殿壁画外,其他殿(洞)壁画表面均有一层桐油类涂层。壁画蓝色和绿色颜料分别为石青、石绿,金色颜料为金粉或金箔,金层下衬有朱砂层,黑色颜料未检测出,橙色、红色颜料为朱砂,暗红色为土红。壁画绘制过程为:用黑色炭笔绘制起稿线,对人物之间面积较大的空档区域着色,为人物填色,以平涂为主,辅以晕染,皮肤部位最后着色,金色部位则是先以朱砂打底,然后敷以金粉或金箔,用细色线、墨线勾定外部轮廓,金色部位用红色线勾定,绘制花纹,并在壁画表面涂一层桐油类的透明涂料。采用有机硅-丙烯酸乳液和丙烯酸乳液单独使用或以不同配比混合使用修复起甲病害,采用有机硅-丙烯酸乳液和丙烯酸乳液混合液修复地仗层酥碱病害,采用点状灌浆为主、锚固补强的方法加固空鼓病害,使用手术刀等去除历史加固部位,并补做新地仗,采用纯净水清理壁画泥渍。研究结果对西藏地区类似壁画病害的现场保护修复具有重要指导意义。The unique theme of the murals at the site of Guge Kingdom provides important historical materials for the study of its political system,religious culture and social economy,however damages such as efflorescence,curling and peeling seriously endanger the integrity of the murals.Through field investigation and micro-damage sampling analysis,we studied the pigment composition and working process of the existing murals at the Guge site,carried out on-site screening tests of repairing materials for the diseases,and evaluated the effect.The results show that the mural structure consist of support,base layer and painting layer.Except for the mural in the White Hall,there is a layer of tung oil coating on the surface of murals in other halls(caves).The blue and green pigments of the murals are mineral blue and mineral green respectively,and the golden pigment is gold powder or gold foil.Under the gold layer is a cinnabar layer.The orange and red pigments are cinnabar,the dark red is red ochre,while the black pigment has not been identified yet.The working process of mural is as follows:draw the sketch lines with black charcoal,color the large gap area between the figures,color in the figures mainly with flat colors and supplement with shading,and color in the skin part in the final step.The golden part has an underpainting layer of vermilion and an upper layer of gold powder or gold foil;after sketching out the shape with fine color line or ink line,final shape and pattern of the golden part is drawn with red line.In the end,a layer of tung oil-like transparent coating is painted on the surface of the mural.Silicone acrylic lotion and acrylic lotion are used alone or in mixture of different proportions to repair the peeling disease.Mixture of silicone acrylic lotion and acrylic lotion is used to repair the efflorescence of the base layer.Dot grouting method is applied for the hollowing disease,which is supplemented with anchoring reinforcement.Old reinforcement is removed while fixing the base layer,and the mud stains o

关 键 词：古格遗址 壁画 制作工艺 保护修复 效果评估 

分 类 号：K879.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]