日本国宪法第八章的前世与今生——被选择性遗忘的美国流地方自治  

The Past and Present Life of Chapter Ⅷ of the Constitution of Japan:The Selective Forgotten American Local Autonomy

作　　者：洪骥 HONG Ji

机构地区：[1]南京航空航天大学人文与社会科学学院,211106

出　　处：《国外社会科学前沿》2023年第9期83-99,共17页JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCES

摘　　要：二战以后新制定实施的《日本国宪法》第八章开创了日本历史上宪法条文直接保障地方自治的先河,围绕其第92条“地方自治之本旨”这一总则性条款,战后日本公法学界形成了众说纷纭的解释理论。其中以“制度性保障说”为代表的通说继承了战前全盘移植德国法学理论的传统,认为地方自治权来源于国家的创设,并将地方自治之宪法保障的“核心领域”限定在了“团体自治”的狭窄范围内。不过,如果把视野放大到制宪史的跨度上,会发现宪法实施前的麦克阿瑟草案中规定了美国模式地方自治的核心制度设计,即Home Rule Charter,但该设想最终无论是在宪法文本上还是在解释学说中都被选择性遗忘,从而葬送了一个地方自治的“美国梦”。现今日本地方自治理念的不彰与实践中的混乱局面更加映衬出学理的缺陷,非主流学说的作用是可以为现实状况提供另一种新的可能性。Chapter Ⅷ of the Constitution of Japan,which was newly formulated and implemented after the Second World War,initiated the first time in Japanese history that the constitutional provisions directly guaranteed local autonomy.Around its general provision of Article 92,"The essence of local autonomy",the Japanese public law scholars formed a divergent interpretation theory after the Second World War.Among them,the general theory represented by the"institutional guarantee theory"inherited the tradition of transplanting the German legal theory completely before the war,believed that local autonomy originated from the creation of the state,and limited the"core field"of the constitutional guarantee of local autonomy to the narrow scope of"group autonomy".However,if you expand your vision to the span of constitutional history,you will find that the MacArthur draft before the implementation of the Constitution stipulated the core institutional design of local autonomy in the United States model,that is,the Home Rule Charter.However,this assumption was eventually selectively forgotten in both the constitutional text and the interpretation theory,thus burying the"American Dream"of local autonomy.The lack of the concept of local autonomy in Japan and the chaos in practice reflect the defects of academic theory.The role of non-mainstream theory is to provide another new possibility for the reality.

关 键 词：日本宪法 地方自治 制度性保障说 自治体基本宪章 

分 类 号：D92[政治法律—法学]