现代国家的立法者科学——重新思考孟德斯鸠的国家理论  

Science of the Legislator in the Modern State--Reconsidering Montesquieu’s Theory of the State

作　　者：张旭 段德敏[3,4] ZHANG Xu;DUAN De-min(University of International Business and Economics;Peking University)

机构地区：[1]对外经济贸易大学国际关系学院 [2]对外经济贸易大学国家安全与治理研究院 [3]北京大学政府管理学院 [4]北京大学欧洲研究中心、国家治理研究院、公共治理研究所

出　　处：《华中科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第6期51-59,68,共10页Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Social Science Edition)

基　　金：对外经济贸易大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“孟德斯鸠政治思想中的国家建构问题研究”(21QD14);北京市社会科学基金项目“代表理论视角下的民主过程研究”(22ZGB003);北京大学公共治理研究所学术团队建设重点支持项目“中外政治思想与制度研究”(TDXM202101)。

摘　　要：在自由主义国家理论的谱系中,孟德斯鸠因为提出了经典的分权理论而受到普遍的重视。然而事实上,就现代国家的构建而言,与自由主义更多关注技术层面的法律和制度设计不同,孟德斯鸠所致力于塑造的是与人们的情感和精神相联结的政治生活。相较于社会科学以“国家—社会”二元分立的预设来理解国家的做法,在孟德斯鸠的整全性视野中,国家所呈现出的是一种古典意义上政治共同体的景象。而肩负着奠立和维续政治秩序任务的立法者,则既要综合考量人们的现实处境和生活脉络,也要抱持政治宽和的规范取向。这样更为“厚重”的立法者科学,对于当今那些仅仅强调非人格化国家的理性构建的思路来说,无疑具有积极的矫正作用。In the genealogy of the liberal theories of the state,Montesquieu is commonly regarded as a crucial political thinker because of his classic theory of the separation of powers.However,in fact,in terms of the building of the modern state,unlike Liberalism,which pays more attention to the design of the laws and institutions at the technical level,Montesquieu is committed to the construction of the political life which is connected with people’s passions and spirit.Compared with the dualism of“state-society”in the social science,Montesquieu has a holistic vision,in which state appears as a political community in the classical sense.Thus,the legislators,who are responsible for the foundation and maintenance of political order,should not only comprehensively consider people’s real situations and the context of their lives,but also hold the normative orientation of political moderation.Undoubtedly,such a“thick”science of the legislator can be expected to adjust the idea of many political scientists that the building of a impersonal modern state is merely relevant to the rational institutionalization.

关 键 词：国家构建 立法者科学 孟德斯鸠 国家理论 《论法的精神》 

分 类 号：D095[政治法律—政治学]