施氮量和灌溉定额对引黄灌区麦后复种油菜产量和水氮利用的影响  

Effects of nitrogen application rate and irrigation quota on yield and water and nitrogen utilization of post-spring wheat multiple cropping oilseed rape in Yellow River Irrigation Area

作　　者：韦广源 谭军利[1,2] 李红 马波[1,2] 王月梅 田海梅 王西娜[3] WEI Guangyuan;TAN Junli;LI Hong;MA Bo;WANG Yuemei;TIAN Haimei;WANG Xina(School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China;Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Modern Agricultural Water Resources in Arid Regions,Ministry of Education/Ningxia Engineering Technology Research Center of Water-Saving Irrigation and Water Resources Regulation,Yinchuan 750021,China;College of Agriculture,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China)

机构地区：[1]宁夏大学土木与水利工程学院,银川750021 [2]旱区现代农业水资源高效利用教育部工程研究中心/宁夏节水灌溉与水资源调控工程技术研究中心,银川750021 [3]宁夏大学农学院,银川750021

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报（中英文）》2023年第11期1745-1757,共13页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD0200405);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2022AAC02013);国家自然科学基金项目(31860590);宁夏高等学校一流学科建设(水利工程)项目(NXYLXK2021A03)资助。

摘　　要：为探讨小麦后复种油菜对小麦茬残留氮素吸收利用及水氮利用的影响,以期为麦后土壤残留氮素有效利用和农业面源污染阻控提供理论依据,通过田间定位试验,研究了小麦茬施氮量[常规施氮(270 kg∙hm^(−2))、减施氮肥(202.5 kg∙hm^(−2))和不施氮(0 kg∙hm^(−2))]和灌溉定额[常规灌溉(400 mm)、节水20%(320 mm)和节水40%(240 mm)]对复种油菜的产量、氮素吸收量以及0~100 cm土壤含水率和矿质氮动态变化的影响,并进行了两季作物的氮素平衡分析。结果表明,小麦茬残留氮素对油菜产量和氮素吸收量有显著影响,氮肥后效与小麦茬的施氮量呈正比。小麦茬常规施氮270 kg∙hm^(−2)时油菜产量和氮素吸收量最高,分别为6640 kg∙hm^(−2)和25.7 kg∙hm^(−2),较小麦茬减施氮肥与不施氮分别增加11.8%与43.5%和14.8%与58.8%;小麦茬灌溉定额对油菜产量无显著影响,但对氮素吸收量有显著影响,常规施氮处理下常规灌溉处理油菜氮素吸收量较节水处理增加9.6%~10.2%。与油菜播前相比,油菜收获后施氮处理0~100 cm土层土壤矿质氮降低18.8~96.1 kg·hm^(−2);常规施氮处理较减氮和不施氮处理增加了油菜对残留氮素吸收能力。油菜翻压还田并经过冬季的冻融后,在下一季小麦播前,0~100 cm土层的土壤矿质氮增加86.1~171.8 kg·hm^(−2),增加量与小麦茬的施氮量呈正相关。常规施氮+常规灌溉定额0~100 cm土壤贮水量变化较小,氮肥后效显著提高了油菜灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率及降水生产效率,常规施氮+节水20%处理灌溉水利用效率和降水生产效率最高,而常规施氮+节水40%处理油菜水分利用效率最高。在本试验条件下,减氮+节水20%处理的氮肥累积利用率最高,达89.8%。小麦茬施氮量为270 kg·hm^(−2),灌溉定额为320~400 mm显著提高了复种油菜的产量、吸氮量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率及降水生产效率,并降低�The effects of successive oilseed rape cropping on the absorption and utilization of residual nitrogen and water,and nitrogen use efficiency in spring wheat stubble was studied to provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of residual nitrogen in post-spring wheat soil and for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution.A field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen application(conventional application,270 kg∙hm^(−2);reduced application,202.5 kg∙hm^(−2);and no application,0 kg∙hm^(−2))and irrigation quota(conventional irrigation,400 mm;20%water-saving irrigation,320 mm;and 40%watersaving irrigation,240 mm)on the yield and nitrogen uptake of succession oilseed rape crops,as well as the dynamic changes involving soil moisture and mineral nitrogen in the 0–100 cm layer.Nitrogen balance analysis was also conducted for both seasons.The results revealed that residual nitrogen in spring wheat stubble had a notable effect on the yield and nitrogen uptake of successive oilseed rape,and the residual effect of nitrogen fertilizer was positively correlated with the nitrogen applied to spring wheat stubble.When the nitrogen fertilizer application rate in spring wheat stubble was 270 kg·hm^(−2),the yield and nitrogen uptake of succession oilseed rape were the highest,reaching 6640 kg·hm^(−2)and 25.7 kg·hm^(−2),respectively,which were 11.8%–43.5%and 14.8%–58.8%higher than those under reduced or no nitrogen application.Irrigation quota had no substantial effect on oilseed rape yield but had a significant effect on nitrogen uptake.Nitrogen uptake of oilseed rape under conventional nitrogen application was increased by 9.6%−10.2%compared with the water-saving treatments.Compared with before planting,mineral nitrogen levels in the 0–100 cm soil layer under nitrogen application treatment after oilseed rape harvesting decreased by 18.8–96.1 kg·hm^(−2),indicating that succession oilseed rape cropping has an absorption capacity for residual

关 键 词：麦后复种油菜 施氮量 灌溉定额 产量 水氮利用效率 土壤矿质氮含量 引黄灌区 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]