基于生命周期评价的纯电动汽车环境影响和碳足迹分析  

Environmental Impact and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Pure Electric Vehicles Based on Life Cycle Assessment

作　　者：宋晓聪 邓陈宁 沈鹏[1] 钱怡 谢明辉[1] SONG Xiaocong;DENG Chenning;SHEN Peng;QIAN Yi;XIE Minghui(State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China;The University of Melbourne,Victoria 3010,Australia)

机构地区：[1]中国环境科学研究院,国家环境保护生态工业重点实验室,北京100012 [2]墨尔本大学,维多利亚3010

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2023年第11期2179-2188,共10页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：中国环境科学研究院国家环境保护生态工业重点实验室开放基金项目(No.2022KFF-06);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(No.2022YSKY-09);中华环境保护基金会汽车环保创新引领计划项目。

摘　　要：为探究新能源汽车中纯电动汽车环境影响和碳足迹,实现交通运输领域绿色低碳发展,本文以纯电动汽车为例,采用生命周期评价方法,量化评估纯电动汽车环境影响和碳足迹,构建清洁电网、能效提升和电池回收3种低碳减排情景,评估不同减排路径对新能源汽车行业的碳减排效果.结果表明:①1辆纯电动汽车生命周期内环境影响潜值和碳足迹分别为1288.81 Pt和25.02 t,行驶150000 km的碳排放强度为0.17 kg/km(以CO_(2)计),此外,环境影响类别由大到小依次为呼吸系统影响>化石燃料>气候变化>矿产资源>生态毒性>致癌>酸化和富营养化.②纯电动汽车碳足迹分布特征与环境影响相似,原材料获取、运行使用阶段的环境影响潜值以及碳排放量合计均占环境影响总潜值和碳足迹的96%,这两阶段是纯电动汽车减污降碳的重点环节.③低碳减排情景中,清洁电网情景和使用能效情景下纯电动汽车分别可实现17.64%和12.51%的减碳潜力,回收废旧电池中的有价金属,仅实现约2%的碳减排潜力,因此,通过优化电力结构和提高动力系统使用能效相比于电池回收具有更优的碳减排效益.In order to investigate the environmental impact and carbon footprint of electric vehicles and achieve green and low-carbon development in the transportation industry,this article took electric new energy vehicles as an example and used life cycle assessment method to quantitatively evaluate the environmental impact and carbon footprint of electric vehicles.Three low-carbon emission reduction scenarios were constructed,including clean power grid,energy efficiency of power system use,and battery recycling,to evaluate the carbon emission reduction effects of different emission reduction paths on the new energy vehicle industry.The results showed that:(1)The potential environmental impact and carbon footprint of an electric vehicle during its lifecycle were 1,288.81 Pt and 25.02 t,respectively.The carbon emission per 1km of 150,000 km was 0.17 kg/km(calculated as CO_(2)).In addition,the environmental impact categories from large to small were respiratory inorganics>fossil fuels>climate change>minerals>ecotoxicity>carcinogenic effects>acidification and eutrophication.(2)The carbon footprint distribution characteristics and environmental impacts of electric vehicles were similar.The total environmental impact and carbon emissions during the raw material acquisition and operation stages account for 96%of the total environmental impact and carbon footprint.These two stages were the main links for reducing pollution and carbon emissions of electric vehicles.(3)In the low-carbon emission reduction scenario,electric vehicles could achieve a carbon reduction potential of 17.64%and 12.51%in the clean power grid scenario and the use of energy efficiency scenario,respectively.Recycling valuable metals from waste batteries only achieved about 2%of the carbon reduction potential.Therefore,optimizing the power structure and improving the energy efficiency of power system use had better carbon reduction benefits compared to battery recycling.

关 键 词：生命周期评价 新能源汽车 环境影响 碳足迹 

分 类 号：X713[环境科学与工程—环境工程]