先进材料的原子制造  

Atomic manufacturing of advanced materials

作　　者：王周扬 丁一然 曾梦琪[1] 付磊[1,2] Zhouyang Wang;Yiran Ding;Mengqi Zeng;Lei Fu(College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China;The Institute for Advanced Studies,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学化学与分子科学学院,武汉430072 [2]武汉大学高等研究院,武汉430072

出　　处：《科学通报》2023年第30期4035-4054,共20页Chinese Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(22025303)资助。

摘　　要：为了实现更高效和更智能的产品和系统,需要发展更小尺度和更高精度的制造技术,以提高材料的性能、利用率和集成度.原子是物质的最小构筑基元,实现原子级精准制造(原子制造)能以最大的精度定制材料的结构和性质.原子制造能从物质世界底层(原子)出发进行制造,在此过程中,大量的新物质、新器件和新机理正在被发现.尽管原子制造尚处于起步阶段,但它是实现精准合成、定制材料性能的关键路线.本文首先从原子制造与传统制造的对比出发,阐明原子制造的内涵.接着以典型体系(包括单原子、团簇、二维材料和高熵合金)为例,从结构设计角度介绍材料的原子制造方法及科学原理.然后以量子信息技术、半导体器件和能源转化为应用场景,从物质的性质定制角度阐明原子制造的优势和价值.最后从发展兼具精准性和可批量性的原子制造方法、原子尺度机理探究、原子制造新材料和新器件等角度总结原子制造面临的挑战并展望未来发展.When the dimension of matter is reduced from the three dimensions to low dimensions or even single-atom scale,distinctive features can be observed,indicating broad application prospects in variety fields,such as energy storage and conversion,topological nanocomponents,and semiconductors.Developing smaller-scale,higher-precision manufacturing methods can greatly improve material properties,utilization,and integration,resulting in more efficient and smarter products and systems.Nanomanufacturing has made remarkable progress over the past decades.However,it faces enormous technical obstacles in going from the nanoscale to the atomic scale of the product size and production precision.At the right time,atomic manufacturing emerges,in which atoms are directly manipulated by physical assembly or chemical reaction.Atomic manufacturing presents a novel manufacturing approach that uses atoms as the basic unit and guides their construction or reaction on demand by managing their interactions.As a result,obtaining atomically exact products is a corollary of atomic manufacturing.Furthermore,atomic manufacturing is not simply a scale and precision extension of nanomanufacturing,but the direct manipulation of atoms to produce novel materials,devices,and systems.This manufacturing capability will make it easier to reveal deep mechanisms,which will guide the achievement of accurate material synthesis and performance modification on demand.Physical assembly and chemical reaction are the two broad categories of atomic manufacturing strategies.The former mainly uses probes or electron beams to manipulate atomic assembly or rearrangement,whereas the later directs atoms to react in a specified direction.Although the product can be obtained exactly,the efficiency of physical approaches is far too low for most practical applications such as catalysis,batteries,biomedicine,and so on.As a result,this review describes the implementation of atomic manufacturing from a structural design standpoint in single atoms,atom clusters,twodimensional

关 键 词：原子制造 低维材料 高熵合金 精准合成 

分 类 号：TB30[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]