寒旱区秸秆覆盖条耕玉米适宜氮肥运筹方式研究  

Nitrogen fertilizer management for maize production adapted to straw mulching strip tillage in cold and arid regions

作　　者：程志鹏 王富贵[1] 王钰剀 王振[1] 梁红伟[1] 王天昊 张悦忠 白岚方 王志刚[1] CHENG Zhi-peng;WANG Fu-gui;WANG Yu-kai;WANG Zhen;LIANG Hong-wei;WANG Tian-hao;ZHANG Yue-zhong;BAI Lan-fang;WANG Zhi-gang(College of Agronomy,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Huhehaote,Inner Mongolia 010010,China;Xing’an League Zhalaite Banner Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and Science and Technology Bureau,Xing’an League,Inner Mongolia 137400,China)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古农业大学农学院,内蒙古呼和浩特010010 [2]兴安盟扎赉特旗农牧和科技局,内蒙古兴安盟137400

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第10期1830-1842,共13页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1500902-4);内蒙古自治区重点研发与成果转化项目(2022YFDZ0041)。

摘　　要：【目的】春旱墒情差,无法按期播种,影响大兴安岭沿麓寒旱区玉米的安全生产。生产上秸秆覆盖免耕直播虽有保墒作用,但存在出苗质量差、追肥困难等问题。为此,我们改进了秸秆覆盖和耕作方式,并研究了控释肥与尿素混合一次性基施的效果,以克服该技术的不足之处。【方法】2021—2022年,在大兴安岭沿麓典型寒旱区兴安盟扎赉特旗同步开展耕作方式(试验1)和缓混氮肥施用模式试验(试验2)。试验1:在常规施肥模式下(Sd),设置秸秆覆盖条耕(RST)、常规垄作(CP)、秸秆离田免耕(NT)、秸秆覆盖免耕(RNT)4个耕作处理。试验2:在秸秆覆盖条耕(RST)方式下,设置常规施肥(Sd)、控释氮肥与普通尿素3∶7(30%Cr)掺混、控释氮肥与普通尿素5∶5(50%Cr)掺混3种施肥模式。播前和收获后,取0—20、20—40、40—70、70—100 cm土层土壤样品,测定无机氮含量,用于计算氮素残留量和表观损失。玉米苗期调查出苗率,在吐丝期(R1)、成熟期(R6)取植株样品,测定不同部位生物量和含氮量,收获后调查产量和产量构成因素。【结果】RST处理玉米出苗率较NT、CP、RNT处理分别提高1.6%、9.3%和9.1%,群体生物量分别增加2.7%、9.1%和9.1%,产量分别提高4.2%、6.0%和7.2%,氮肥农学效率分别提高29.7%、45.5%和60.0%。秸秆覆盖条耕下,50%Cr处理较30%Cr、Sd处理玉米群体生物量分别提高3.3%和10.6%,花前群体生物量分别提高4.1%、9.9%,花后群体生物量分别提高2.9%、10.4%,氮素累积分别提高3.6%、14.6%,花前氮素累积分别提高3.8%、12.8%,花后氮素累积分别提高4.3%、21.4%。50%Cr处理玉米产量较30%Cr、Sd处理分别提高3.6%、8.9%,氮肥农学效率分别提高16.3%、49.0%,土壤无机氮残留分别降低2.8%、4.5%,氮素表观损失分别降低8.2%和21.3%,净收益分别提高3.5%和6.9%。【结论】秸秆覆盖条耕免耕播种条件下,采用控释氮肥与普通尿素5∶5掺混一次性基施,�【Objectives】In the cold and dry farming areas along the Greater Khingan Mountains,soil moisture in spring is often too low for maize to sow.Straw mulching during winter and no-tillage before sowing in next spring had been promoted to preserve soil moisture.However,the technology often leads to poor germination and is hard for topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer.In this study,we modified the strawmulch and tillage method,andtried to avoide topdressing by basal application of controlled release fertilizer and common urea in suitable ratio,to overcome the shortcomings of the technology.【Methods】Tillage method(trial 1)and fertilization experiment(trial 2)were carried out simultaneously in Zhalaite Banner of Xing’an League,Inner Mongolia from 2021 to 2022.In trial 1,four tillage treatments were setup,as:conventional ridging without straw mulch(CP),notillage without straw mulch(NT),no-tillage with straw mulch(RNT),and strip tillage with straw mulch(RST).In trial 2,strip tillage with straw mulch were used as tillage method(RST),three fertilization modes were set:conventional fertilization(Sd),controlled release nitrogen fertilizer mixed with common urea in ratio of 3∶7(30%Cr),and 5∶5(50%Cr).Before sowing and after harvesting,soil samples were collected from 0-20,20-40,40-70,70-100 cm soil layers to determine the content of inorganic nitrogen,and calculate the residual nitrogen and apparent loss.Plant samples were collected at silking and maturing stage for the analysis of biomass and N content.The yield and yield components were investigated at harvest.【Results】Compared with NT,CP and RNT,RST increased the maize generation rate by 1.6%,9.3%and 9.1%,the population biomass by 2.7%,9.1%,and 9.1%,grain yield by 4.2%,6.0%and 7.2%,the nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 29.7%,45.5%and 60.0%,respectively.Compared with 30%Cr and Sd under straw mulch and strip tillage,the population biomass of 50%Cr increased by 3.3%and 10.6%,the pre-silking biomass increased by 4.1%and 9.9%,the post-silking biomass increased by 2.

关 键 词：玉米 春旱 秸秆覆盖条耕 免耕播种 控释氮肥与普通尿素掺混施用 产量 氮效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S141.4