陕北黄土高原果园覆盖绿肥油菜的品种筛选及其水肥效应  

Variety screening of greening manure rapeseed and the mulching effect on soil moisture conservation and fertility in dryland orchard of Loess Plateau

作　　者：王春丽[1] 强成 王建平 曹晨辉 张智[1] 陈文杰[1] 杨建利[1] WANG Chun-li;QIANG Cheng;WANG Jian-ping;CAO Chen-hui;ZHANG Zhi;CHEN Wen-jie;YANG Jian-li(Hybrid Rapeseed Research Center of Shaanxi Province,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China;Fruit Technology Promoting and Marketing Service Center of Baota District,Yan’an,Shaanxi 716000,China;College of Natural Resources and Environment,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西省杂交油菜研究中心,陕西杨陵712100 [2]宝塔区果业技术推广和营销服务中心,陕西延安716000 [3]西北农林科技大学资源环境学院,陕西杨陵712100

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2023年第10期1843-1852,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-YBNY-274,2020ZDLNY07-04)。

摘　　要：【目的】干旱少雨和土壤瘠薄是陕北苹果生产中存在的主要问题。研究不同绿肥油菜品种覆盖还田在缓解果园春季干旱、培肥土壤及提高苹果产量和质量方面的效应,为陕北苹果生产提供理论基础。【方法】试验位于陕西省延安市河庄坪镇的山地果园,供试果树品种为红富士(Malus pumila Mill.),树龄2年。首先进行了绿肥油菜品种筛选试验,供试品种包括5个白菜型冬油菜(Brassica campestris L.)品种(V1~V5)、1个白菜型春油菜(Brassica campestris L.)品种(V6)、4个甘蓝型冬油菜(Brassica napus L.)品种(V7~V10)。油菜于2019年8月初在果园行间套种,10月30日前刈割地上部分,覆盖于邻近果树根区(根周围半径0—115 cm范围),2020年3月测定果树根区0—60 cm深土壤水分含量,发现V9和V10的覆盖保墒效果较好,用于后续的两年定点覆盖试验。2020—2022年定点试验的油菜套种、覆盖方法同品种筛选试验,于覆盖试验第二年油菜生长季节(2021年10月)测定果树行间和根区0—175 cm土层水分含量,2022年3月、5月份测定果树根区0—175 cm土层水分含量,8月份测定0—20 cm土层养分含量,收获期测定苹果产量和质量。【结果】1)品种筛选试验,白菜型冬性油菜品种V1、V2、V3和V4覆盖处理对0—60 cm土层水分含量均无显著影响,V5覆盖处理仅显著增加0—20 cm土层水分含量;而白菜型春性品种V6和甘蓝型冬性品种V7、V8、V9和V10覆盖处理显著增加0—20或0—60 cm土层水分含量;品种V6、V9和V10秋季地上生物学产量显著大于品种V1、V2、V3和V5。油菜地上部生物量(覆草量)与翌年3月份20—40、40—60 cm土层水分含量显著正相关。2)两年定点试验,在油菜生长季,两个品种V9、V10均显著降低了果树行间0—50 cm土层水分含量,对根区土壤水分无显著影响;2022年3月份根区0—150 cm土层水分含量显著增加17.6%~21.8%,5月份根区0—100 cm土层水分含量显著增【Objectives】Drought and poor soil fertility restrict the apple production benefit in the semi-arid area of Loess Plateau.We screened suitable rapeseed varieties as green manure,and studied their mulching effect in improving soil moisture in spring and soil fertility.【Methods】The experiment was carried out in a hilly apple orchard in Yan’an City,Shaanxi Province,where the rainfall was rare in winter and spring,and mainly happen from July to October of a year.Firstly,rapeseed varieties were screened for water conservation effect,including five Brassica campestris L.winter varieties(V1−V5),one Brassica campestris L.spring variety(V6),and four Brassica napus L.winter varieties(V7−V10).The rapeseeds were sown in unplanted land between apple tree lines in early August 2019,and the aboveground part were mown by the end of October and mulched on nearby root area of apple tree(0−115 cm radius around tree trunk).The water contents in 0−60 cm soil depth in the root area were measured in the following March.The rapeseed varieties V9 and V10 showed better water conservation effect than the other ones,so were chosen as the test materials for the following two years position mulching experiment(2020−2022),in which the rapeseed sowing,mowing,and mulching were the same as in the variety screening experiment.In rapeseed growing season(in October 2021),the soil water contents in 0−175 cm soil layer in both rapeseed planting area and apple tree root area were measured.After autumn mulching of rapeseed plant,soil in 0−175 cm soil layer in the mulched root area of apple tree was sampled in March and May 2022 for the measurement of water contents,and the 0−20 cm soil was sampled on August for nutrient measurement.At harvest season,the apple yield and quality were measured.【Results】1)Screening of rapeseed variety:The mulching of rapeseed variety V1,V2,V3,and V4 did not show water conservation effect,the V5 mulching only increased water content in 0−20 cm soil layer.The V6,V7,V8,V9 and V10 mulching signifi

关 键 词：陕北高原 果园 油菜品种 覆盖 干旱 土壤肥力 

分 类 号：S55[农业科学—作物学]