论我国民法上的合同第三人效力  

Debates on the Effect of Third-Party in Contracts in Civil Law

作　　者：李永军[1] LI Yongjun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学

出　　处：《法学评论》2023年第6期70-84,共15页Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“民法典编纂的内部与外部体系研究”(项目编号:18ZDA141)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：合同相对性虽仍是我国债法和合同的基本原则,但《民法典》立法和司法实践对于合同第三人的利益问题已经明确予以承认。本文研究的主要理论问题是:(1)《民法典》第149条及第150条规定中,受到第三人欺诈或者胁迫的合同当事人一方对第三人的请求权基础是什么?是侵权请求权还是独立的请求权基础?本文认为是独立请求权基础。(2)《民法典》第522条规定中,利益第三人获得利益的法律途径和基础是什么?是否存在赠与规则适用的余地?本文认为,如果是赠与的话,可以适用关于赠与的规则——任意撤销权。(3)《民法典》第524条规定中的“合法利益第三人”代为履行后的法律地位是什么?从债法体系上看,“合法利益第三人”代为履行后的可能的法律地位有三种,但从《最高人民法院关于适用中华人民共和国〈民法典〉合同编通则部分的解释》(征求意见稿)来看,采取“当然取得”的模式,排除了不当得利的存在。从司法的视角看,是有进步意义的。(4)《最高人民法院关于适用中华人民共和国〈民法典〉合同编通则部分的解释》(征求意见稿)第39条中将债务人列为第三人,那么,他是具有独立请求权的第三人还是没有独立请求权的第三人?诉讼法学界对此有很多观点,本文认为,一概否认债务人作为有独立请求权的第三人并不妥当。Although the privity of contract is still the basic principle of China's debt law and contract,the legislation and judicial practice of the civil code have clearly recognized the interests of the third party to the contract.The main theoretical question studied in this article is:(1)What is the basis of the right of a party to a contract who has been fraudulently or coerced by a third party against a third party as stipulated in Articles 149 and 150 of the Civil Code?Is it an infringement claim or an independent claim basis?This article believes that it is the foundation of independent claims.(2)What are the legal channels and foundations for third parties to obtain benefits in accordance with Article 522 of the Civil Code?Is there room for the application of gift rules?This article argues that if it is a gift,can the rule on gift-arbitrary revocation right be applied.(3)What is the legal status of the"third party with legal interests"acting as the agent for performance in accordance with Article 524 of the Civil Code?From the perspective of the debt law system,there are three possible legal positions for a"legitimate third party"to perform on behalf of others.However,according to the"Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of the General Principles of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China"(draft for soliciting opinions),the adoption of the"naturally obtained"model eliminates the existence of unjust enrichment.From a judicial perspective,it is of progressive significance.(4)Article 39 of the Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of the General Principles of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China(Draft for Soliciting Opinions)lists the debtor as a third party.Therefore,is he a third party with independent claims or a third party without independent claims?There are many viewpoints in the field of litigation law,and this article believes that it is not appropriate to deny the debtor as a third party with independent claims.

关 键 词：合同相对性 第三人利益合同 无因管理 不当得利 独立请求权 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]