基本权利限制法律保留的中国方案  

A Chinese Method of Reservation of Law on the Fundamental Rights

作　　者：张翔[1] Zhang Xiang

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院

出　　处：《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2023年第6期80-90,共11页Science of Law：Journal of Northwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目(23ZDA074)“国家治理现代化背景下保证宪法全面实施制度体系研究”。

摘　　要：基本权利限制须遵循法律保留原则,在我国理论和实务上已形成共识。但是,如何基于我国宪法各基本权利条款的差异化规定,对法律保留做分层化构造,学界尚无共识。“单纯法律保留—加重法律保留—无法律保留”的分层构造方案,无法简单照搬于我国宪法的独特文本。我国《宪法》第51条作为基本权利限制的概括性条款,排除了“无法律保留”阶层存在的可能性。而“单纯—加重”的两层结构,在我国宪法文本下,同时存在于人身自由、财产权、通信权等权利的内部。应当以我国宪法基本权利章的独特结构和各基本权利条款的具体规定为基础,特别是考量独特的“示例性规定”,构建中国的基本权利限制法律保留的分层方案。在此总体框架下,亦可具体厘清各项基本权利的法律保留类型。同一基本权利下同时存在单纯法律保留和加重法律保留的,尤须详细甄别,厘清边界。此种基本权利限制法律保留的整体和个别方案,将有助于在具体生活情境下对基本权利进行差异化保护。It is well accepted in the legal theory and practiceprofession in China that any limitation on the exercise of a fundamental right shall be prescribed by law.However,there is no consensus on how to construct a tiered system of the principle of reservation of law because the clauses of fundamental rights are provided in various ways in the Chinese constitution.The three-tier theory of the“reservation of law,the qualified reservation of law,and without reservation of law”not be directly applied in China considering the difference between the two constitutions.Article 51 of the Chinese Constitution generally provides limitations on fundamental rights and thus excludes the tier of without“reservation of law.”Regarding the provisions of the right to liberty,property,and correspondence,there is obviously a two-tier structure of“mere-qualified”in the Chinese Constitution.Therefore,when a multi-tier theory of reservation of law in constitutional law is concerned,the unique texts and structures of the provisions of fundamental rights have to be considered,especially those explanatory provisions.Based on this overall frameworkanalysis,the reservation of law in different provisions of the Chinese Constitution could be classified and clarified.Additionally,more attention shall be given to those provisions that include both the reservation of law and the qualified reservation of law,to make detailed distinctions and clarify boundariesas a special case.This overall and specialized analysis of fundamental rights will contribute to the differentiated protection of rights and freedom in real-life practice.

关 键 词：单纯法律保留 加重法律保留 无法律保留 概括性条款 示例性规定 

分 类 号：D911.01[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]