中国城镇家庭的育儿时间成本  

Time Cost of Parenting for Chinese Urban Families

作　　者：杜凤莲[1,2] 赵云霞 钟森丽 Du Fenglian;Zhao Yunxia;Zhong Senli(School of Economics and Management,Inner Mongolia University;Survey and Research Center for Time Use,Inner Mongolia University)

机构地区：[1]内蒙古大学经济管理学院 [2]内蒙古大学时间利用调查与研究中心

出　　处：《劳动经济研究》2023年第3期54-74,共21页Studies in Labor Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“铸牢中华民族共同体意识视域下北部边疆安全建设机制研究”(批准号:22VMZ013);内蒙古自治区“草原英才”工程“人口可持续发展”(项目编号:CYYC2010063)的资助。

摘　　要：生育成本包括经济成本和时间成本,仅衡量经济成本会造成育儿成本的低估。本文利用2017年中国时间利用调查(CTUS)数据研究育儿对父母时间配置的影响,估算家庭育儿时间成本,为解释中国低生育率提供新的视角。研究发现,养育子女会显著增加父母无酬劳动时间,挤占有酬劳动时间和闲暇时间,且对父母时间配置影响存在显著性别差异。机会成本测算表明,一孩家庭育儿总时间成本为4.128万元/年,二孩家庭为6.404万元/年,母亲育儿时间成本接近父亲的4倍。随孩子年龄增加,育儿时间成本下降。与育儿经济成本不同,“二孩”抚育在时间成本上存在规模效应,在各年龄段子女中亦有所体现。据此,本文从家庭育儿时间成本补偿、性别和社会照料的角度提出政策建议。Fertility costs consist of both economic and time costs,and measuring them solely from an economic perspective can result in an underestimation of the overall childcare cost.This paper studies parenting time allocation and estimates the time cost on children based on the Chinese Time Use Survey(CTUS)data in 2017,and it is intended to offer a new perspective to understand China’s low fertility rate.The study finds that raising a child significantly increases parents’unpaid labor time,by crowding out paid labor time and leisure time.Opportunity cost estimation suggests that family with one child will spend on average 41.28 thousand yuan as parenting time cost annually,and family with two children will spend 64.04 thousand yuan annually.Significant gender differences exist in parental time allocation,and the cost of parenting time for mothers is about 4 times that of fathers.As a child grows up,the time cost of childcare decreases.Unlike the economic cost of childcare,there is a scale effect in the time cost of raising a second child,regardless of children’s ages.Policy recommendations are made accordingly from the findings of compensating the time costs of childcare and gender differences,meanwhile improving social childcare services.

关 键 词：时间利用 育儿时间成本 性别差异 

分 类 号：C924.21[社会学—人口学] D669.1[政治法律—政治学]