希腊鱼尾兽在中国--中古祆教“护佑神兽”图像研究  

Greek Fishtailed Creatures Imagery in Chinese Art:with the Case Study of the Medieval Zoroastrian'Guardian Deity'

作　　者：李思飞 Li Sifei

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2023年第10期25-38,132,133,共16页Palace Museum Journal

摘　　要：在入华粟特人史君石堂(580)的神异图像中,基座北侧的翼马鱼尾兽极富异域色彩,为中原汉地罕见。本文考索此类鱼尾兽的起源及流变,认为鱼尾兽图像很可能源自古希腊神话海怪“刻托斯”(ketos)。刻托斯作为带有丧葬意涵的图像语汇随亚历山大东征传入波斯、中亚和西北印度,后经粟特人中介来到中国。西方基督教艺术挪用它来表现圣经巨兽利维坦。而中亚粟特纳骨瓮和中国祆教艺术中的有翼鱼尾兽,则被视为接引亡灵的冥府使者(psychopomp),其职能延续了希腊刻托斯的来世寓意。粟特壁画中的有翼复合神兽,则是祆教神佑“灵光”的具象体现。史君石堂鱼尾兽和龙、虎、象组成的四兽与中国的四灵异曲同工,反映了祆教艺术与汉文化的互通。Among the deities and creatures in the engravings on the chambered-tomb of Sogdian Shi Jun is there the exotic-featured fishtailed-and-winged horse carved in the north-side base of his chamber,it is rarely seen in the Han-ethnic land of Central China.This thesis traces the fish-tailed creature image back to the Greek mythical sea-monster Ketos,which is introduced as a symbol of funeral into Persia,Central Asia and Northwest India during Alexander the Great's expedition,then into China via Sogdian.Ketos is created as biblical giant sea-monster Leviathan in the western Christian art,whereas a fish-tailed creature is embodied as psychopomp escorting the dead into the afterlife in the eastern Sogdian ossuaries and the Chinese Zoroastrianism art to play as Kotes does in Greek myth.The flying creatures in Sogdian frescoes manifest the divine protection under Zoroastrian deities.The assembly of the fishtailed horse,dragon,tiger and elephant in the tomb-chamber of Shi Jun makes the counterpart of the Chinese'Four Spirits'known as'four divinities of directions',which presents the exchange and intercourse of Zoroastrian art with the Chinese-Han culture.

关 键 词：鱼尾兽 粟特 祆教 希腊文化 四灵 

分 类 号：K879.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K23[历史地理—历史学]