特用玉米分子育种研究进展与展望  

Molecular breeding in specialty maize:progress and prospects

作　　者：朱献文 胡颖雄 郑洪建[2,3] 张兴平 徐云碧 ZHU Xianwen;HU Yingxiong;ZHENG Hongjian;ZHANG Xingping;XU Yunbi(Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences,Peking University,Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang,Weifang 261325,China;Crop Breeding&Cultivation Research Institute,Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shanghai 201403,China;CIMMYT-China Specialty Maize Research Center,Shanghai 201403,China;Institute of Crop Sciences,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学现代农业研究院,潍坊现代农业山东省实验室,潍坊261325 [2]上海市农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所,上海201403 [3]CIMMYT-中国特用玉米研究中心,上海201403 [4]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《上海农业学报》2023年第5期1-12,共12页Acta Agriculturae Shanghai

基　　金：山东省重点研发计划(ZR202211070163)。

摘　　要：特用玉米是一类对于营养品质、质地、风味等有特殊要求的玉米类型,品质性状是特用玉米育种的重要目标。目前许多特用玉米重要的品质性状基因已被定位与克隆,利用分子育种方法加速特用玉米品质改良已经成为可能。特用玉米主要包括甜玉米、糯玉米、高淀粉玉米、高蛋白玉米、高油玉米和爆裂玉米等类型。研究证实控制前三类玉米品质性状的基因均与玉米胚乳淀粉合成途径的酶相关,由于基因序列发生插入、缺失、重组及单核苷酸变异等不同类型的突变引起淀粉合成途径的酶失去或降低活性,导致胚乳中糖与淀粉的组分与含量改变,从而形成不同类型的特用玉米品质性状。特用玉米品质性状重要基因包括甜质基因sh2、bt1、bt2、su1、ae1,淀粉合成调控基因se1与wx1,高蛋白基因o2等。基因序列遗传变异分析发现,sh2、bt2、su1、ae1、wx1、o2等基因存在多种自然突变类型,且不同的突变类型间可能存在较大的基因序列结构差异。针对这些重要基因的功能标记已被开发与利用,转基因与基因编辑技术的高效特性也得到了验证。爆裂玉米Ga1-S基因具有单向杂交不亲和特性,能够有效阻止外源花粉污染。培育带有Ga1-S基因的甜玉米、糯玉米、高淀粉玉米等特用玉米,可以减少大田栽培下此类玉米雌穗受外源花粉污染的概率,提高玉米产品品质,节约生产成本。基于特用玉米分子育种现状,应进一步开展特色玉米测序和深度重测序,分析特色营养品质性状的分子机理,构建基因与环境互作模型,开发复杂数量性状的高通量芯片精准检测技术,探索多重育种技术的整合方案,建立特用玉米品种分子保护机制,从而提高特用玉米分子育种技术的水平和质量,加快特用玉米育种的速度。Specialty maize is a type of maize that has special requirements for nutritional quality,texture and flavor.Quality traits are important for specialty maize breeding.Many genes for important quality traits of specialty maize have been mapped and cloned,making it possible to accelerate quality improvement through molecular breeding.Specialty maize mainly includes sweet maize,waxy maize,high-starch maize,high-protein maize,highoil maize,and popcorn varieties.Genes that govern elevated sugar levels,stickiness,and starch content are intertwined with the endosperm starch synthesis pathway.Genetic mutations such as insertions,deletions,recombination events,and single nucleotide variations can induce alterations or loss of enzyme activities,consequently resulting in modifications to sugar and starch composition and content within the endosperm,thereby yielding specialty maize with distinct nutritional profiles.Critical genes contributing to the specialty maize include sh2,bt1,bt2,su1,and ae1,which are linked to various sweet flavors,along with se1 and wx1 responsible for starch content,and o2 for high protein.These gene loci may exhibit significant structural variations owing to natural mutations.Functional markers have been developed and deployed for these pivotal genes,and genetic manipulation through transgenic and gene-editing techniques has been demonstrated with high efficacy in enhancing specific traits in specialty maize.Popcorn exhibits unidirectional cross incompatibility mediated by the Ga1-S gene,effectively preventing cross-pollination from other maize subspecies.The strategic transfer of this gene to specialty maize promises substantial savings in the quality control of seed production.Considering the ongoing advancements in specialty maize breeding,sequencing and deep resequencing are poised to play an instrumental role in expediting breeding efforts by integrating diverse molecular breeding techniques.Additionally,leveraging gene-environment interaction data and high-throughput genotyping via gene chips

关 键 词：特用玉米 品质性状 分子育种 基因 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]