明代中后期山东的稻作技术与稻米南销  

Rice Cultivation Techniques and Southbound Rice Sales in Shandong in the Mid and Late Ming Dynasty

作　　者：杜新豪[1] DU Xinhao(Institute for the History of Natural Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100190)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院自然科学史研究所,北京100190

出　　处：《中国农史》2023年第5期42-50,共9页Agricultural History of China

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“中国古代日用类书中的农业史料整理与研究”(19CZS076);中国科学院青年创新促进会课题“作物历史与中国社会”(2020157)。

摘　　要：明代中后期,山东的稻作主要分布在西部的小清河流域与大运河沿岸,中部的鲁中地区与沂沭河、潍河流域以及东部的沿海滩涂区。该地水、旱稻皆有一定的种植比例,除原有稻作区外,新增水稻种植区大多是在南方技术的帮助下开垦与种莳的,旱稻技术则是在当地发展起来的,且在滨海斥卤地种植技术上有所突破。北人不习食稻,多将其投入粮食市场,而彼时江南由于农业结构的调整,缺乏稻米,商人在往来山东沿海地区贩运大豆等农产品之时,将该地所产稻米一并带入江南市场。故而在余象斗编纂给商人使用的日用类书中,山东沿海的胶州与日照被列入全国性稻米市场的最北端之二。In Shandong,rice cultivation could roughly be divided into three major regions in the mid and late Ming dynasty.The western region consisted of the Xiaoqinghe River basin and the areas along the Grand Canal;the middle region included the central Shandong area,the Yishuhe River basin and the Weihe River basin;and the eastern region referred to those coastal mudflats.Both upland and lowland rice were widely planted in Shandong.Except for those original rice cultivation areas,most incremental lowland rice cultivation areas were cleared,reclaimed and planted with the help of the techniques originated from south-ern China,while upland rice cultivation techniques were developed locally.Moreover,certain breakthroughs were achieved in saline fields in coastal areas.Not being accustomed to eat rice,the northern Chinese mainly sold their rice in grain markets.In the meantime,southern China lacked rice because of the adjustment to the agricultural structure at the time.While transporting and trading such agricultural produces as soybeans from coastal areas in Shandong,merchants also shipped the rice from such areas to markets in southern China.It is why Jiaozhou and Rizhao,which are situated along the coastline of Shandong,were referred to as two of the northmost national rice markets in the daily-use books compiled by Yu Xiangdou for merchants.

关 键 词：水稻 旱稻 水利灌溉 斥卤 流通 海运 

分 类 号：S-09[农业科学] K207[历史地理—历史学]