土壤铬污染及生物修复技术研究进展  

Research Progress of Bioremediation Technology for Chromium Contamination in Soil

作　　者：闫潇 王建雷 张明江 胡学武 刘兴宇 Yan Xiao;Wang Jianlei;Zhang Mingjiang;Hu Xuewu;Liu Xingyu(National Engineering Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy,GRINM Resources and Environment Tech.Co.,Ltd,Beijing 101400,China;GRINM Group Corporation Limited,Bejing 100088,China;GRIMAT Engineering Institute Co.,Ltd,Beijing 101400,China;General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals,Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]有研资源环境技术研究院(北京)有限公司生物冶金国家工程实验室,北京101400 [2]有研科技集团有限公司,北京100088 [3]有研工程技术研究院有限公司,北京101400 [4]北京有色金属研究总院,北京100088

出　　处：《稀有金属》2023年第9期1302-1315,共14页Chinese Journal of Rare Metals

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(51974279,U1402234,41573074);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1802702,2018YFC1801803,2019YFC1805903);广西重点研发计划项目(桂科AB16380287;桂科AB17129025);中组部万人计划青年拔尖人才计划项目资助。

摘　　要：概述了土壤铬污染来源、危害、赋存形态及其迁移转化规律,并综述了生物修复技术处理土壤铬污染的机制,现场修复挑战及工业化应用前景,揭示了超富集植物和功能微生物通过富集、吸附、还原和矿化等方式去除铬污染的作用机制。从土壤铬污染来源统计分析表明,大气沉降,农业施肥,污水灌溉,有色冶金及自然界铬的地球化学循环是土壤铬污染的主要来源。自然界的铬主要存在Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)两种稳定形态,其中Cr(Ⅵ)具有高毒性,易迁移,生物可利用性强等特点,其毒性是Cr(Ⅲ)的百倍以上。所以,铬污染土壤修复的实质就是去除游离态Cr(Ⅵ)。超富集植物能够有效的提取和富集土壤中的铬,将土壤中游离态Cr(Ⅵ)彻底去除,达到稀释污染物的目的。在Cr(Ⅵ)的胁迫下,功能微生物通过自身产生的铬还原酶或还原性中间产物将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ)。同时,微生物分泌胞外聚合物也能够吸附游离态的Cr(Ⅵ)。另外,功能微生物产生的次级代谢产物可以与游离态的Cr(Ⅵ)络合成稳定的矿物。对于超富集植物-微生物的联合应用不仅能够实现功能微生物可持续的固化Cr(Ⅵ),还能够有效稀释土壤中总铬的浓度。最后,探索了如何将生物技术与土壤铬污染修复相结合,从而可以实现绿色高效且可持续的修复策略,并确定了科研挑战和土壤生物修复的未来方向。Soil was a non-renewable natural resource that requires careful stewardship,because it provided a necessary habitat andcarrier for earth creatures andagricultural crops.However,industrial activity and biogeochemical cycle led to chromium contaminants pour into the soil environment,having harmful to human health and ecosystem security,with negative effects on achieving the United Nations'Sustainable Development Goals.The sources,harmfulness,chemical forms and migration and transformation of chromium pollution in soil were systematically introduced.Moreover,the mechanisms,the challenge task and application prospect of bioremediation technology were summarized.Bioremediation technology was used to remove soil chromium contamination through different mechanisms including phytoextraction,biosorption,bioreduction and biomineralization,and they were divided into three approaches:phytoremediation,microbial bioremediation and integrated methods.Firstly,phytoremediation selected indigenous with the capacity of extraction Cr(Ⅵ)or hyperaccumulated species of plants to take up the pollutants from the soil into plant's above-ground biomass and its roots in the process of plant metabolism.Secondly,native microbes could facilitate the removal of Cr(Ⅵ)or functional microbes with high tolerance of Cr(Ⅵ)could be introduced to contaminated soil to reduce Cr(Ⅵ)concentration in a process known as microbial bioremediation.At present,many microorganisms had been applied for remediation contaminated soil through bioreduction,biosorption and biomineralization under extreme Cr(Ⅵ)stress.Thirdly,plant-microbial integrated method was considered as the coordinate symbiosis of hyperaccumulated plants and functional microbes during the bioremediation of Cr(Ⅵ).From the level of chromium contaminated soil statistical analysis,atmospheric deposition,impure mineral phosphate fertilizer,irrigation of farmland with polluted water,smelting activities and chromium geochemistry circulation were the main sources.Cr(Ⅲ)and Cr(Ⅵ)were the main

关 键 词：铬污染 生物修复 微生物 修复机制 

分 类 号：X53[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X825