辽西北风沙土滴灌追氮次数对玉米生长和产量的影响  

Effects of Topdressing Frequency on Growth and Yield of Maize in Aeolian Sandy Soil under Fertigation

作　　者：窦超银 刘富强 YANG Le;CAO Hui;FU Yuanyuan;GAO Yang;LIU Zhandong(Institute of Filed Irrigation,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xinxiang 453002,China;Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100082,China)

机构地区：[1]扬州大学水利科学与工程学院,江苏扬州225009

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2023年第11期67-73,共7页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(51609208)。

摘　　要：【目的】合理确定风沙土地区玉米滴灌氮肥追施次数。【方法】采用田间试验的方法,将生育期的追施氮肥以水肥一体化的形式分次追施,研究不同追氮次数,1次(F1)、2次(F2)、4次(F3)、7次(F4)和11次(F5)5种追氮次数对玉米生长和产量的影响。【结果】拔节期集中追施或抽穗期前分多次追施有利于玉米株高、茎粗和叶片生长,获得较大的LAI和叶片SPAD值。分多次追肥玉米考种指标,如穗长、穗粗、行粒数、百粒质量等均优于集中施肥,从而有利于产量形成。产量不仅与追氮次数有关,还与氮肥在各生育阶段的配比有关,当抽穗期及灌浆期追肥比例相对较小时,尽管全生育期追氮次数较多,但行粒数和百粒质量等指标偏小,导致产量和肥效偏低;在满足关键期需肥时,追肥分次越多,越有利于产量形成,生育期内追肥11次获得最高产量、IWUE、WUE和氮效率分别为7.36 t/hm^(2)、3.27 kg/m^(3)、1.25 kg/m^(3)和24.52 kg/kg。【结论】少量多次的追肥方式是促进玉米植株生长和提高产量的有效途径,在辽西北风沙土地区玉米滴灌追氮次数以11次为宜。【Objective】Fertilizer topdressing is an agricultural practice to provide crops with additional nutrients,but how topdressing frequency affects crop growth and yield is inadequately understood.The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal nitrogen topdressing frequency for improving maize cultivation in aeolian sandy soil.【Method】The experiment was conducted in a maize field with nitrogen fertilizer applied in one(F1),two(F2),four(F3),seven(F4)and eleven(F5)topdressings.For each treatment,we measured the growth and grain yield of the maize.【Result】Topdressing once at the jointing stage or before the earing stage increased vegetative growth,stem length and diameter,leaf area index,and SPAD content.In contrast,multiple topdressing improved spike length and diameter,kernel numbers per spike,and 100-seed weights,ultimately leading to an elevated yield.The grain yield depended not only on topdressing frequency but also on when and how the fertilizer was applied in each topdressing.For example,in the multiple topdressing,applying fertilizer during earing and tasseling stage reduced the kernel numbers,100-seed weights,yield,and fertilizer use efficiency.Aligning fertilizer application with plant requirements in the multiple topdressing was critical to improving plant growth.Among all treatments,topdressing 11 times was optimal,with the yield reaching 7.36 t/hm²,irrigation water use efficiency,water use efficiency,nitrogen use efficiency reaching 3.27 kg/m³,1.25 kg/m³and 24.52 kg/kg,respectively.【Conclusion】Increasing the frequency of fertilizer topdressing proves to be a highly effective strategy for improving maize growth and yield in aeolian sandy soil,presenting a promising approach for optimizing fertilization in this region.

关 键 词：氮肥 滴灌 风沙土 水肥一体化 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S275.6[农业科学—农业水土工程]