洛阳出土东汉“东井灭火”陶井栏考略——兼谈中国古代的“防火”“灭火”观念  

A Brief Study of the Inscription of"Dongjing"and"Miehuo"on Eastern Han Pottery Models of Well Railing Unearthed in Luoyang——Also on the Concept of"Fire Prevention"and"Fire Extinguishing"in Ancient China

作　　者：蔡奉哲 刘余力 CAI Fengzhe;LIU Yuli(School of History and Culture,Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin 300387,China;School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Luoyang Institute of Technology,Luoyang 471023,China)

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学历史文化学院,天津300387 [2]洛阳理工学院人文与社会科学学院,河南洛阳471023

出　　处：《洛阳理工学院学报（社会科学版）》2023年第6期5-10,共6页Journal of Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology：Social Science Edition

基　　金：河南省高校哲学社会科学基础研究重大项目“黄河流域西周都邑综合研究”(编号:2024-JCZD-13)的阶段性成果.

摘　　要：洛阳出土的“东井灭火”陶井栏平面呈“井”字形,下有长方形井壁。陶井栏铭文为“东井”“灭火”。陶井栏正面有肩扛“灭火”铭旗帜人物,是“救火”的基层官吏“啬夫”。紧跟其后的“禽鸟”,应是“御火”瑞鸟。陶井栏两个侧面模印的牛图像,是用来祭祀火神的牺牲。陶井栏周身雕饰的卷云纹、鱼纹图案,是水的象征。“藻井”形图案,是厌火的象征。菱形纹图案,是防火寓意的具体反映。陶井栏表面涂成银灰色,是银河的象征,银河的“水”通过“云”“雨”演化为地上的水。中华先民非常重视防火、灭火的预防教育并采取了相应的具体措施。东汉陶井栏上的铭文和图案,就是这种防火、灭火观念的具体反映。The pottery well railing,inscribed by the words"dong jing(east well)"and"mie huo(extinguishing fire),"has been unearthed in Luoyang with features of a surface intricately shaped like a well and a rectangular well wall beneath it.On the front surface of the pottery well railing,there can be seen a person known as"Sefu(fireman)"shouldering a flag inscribed with"mie huo",a symbol of a grassroots official responsible for"extinguishing fire",followed by the auspicious fire-bending bird.On both sides of the pottery well railing,the image of cows,as sacrifices to the fire god,was imprinted by molds.The cirrus moire and fish patterns carved around the pottery well railing are symbols of water.The caisson-shaped pattern is a symbol of aversion to fire.The rhomboid pattern is a concrete reflection of fire prevention.The surface of the pottery well railing is painted silver gray,symbolizing the Milky Way,from which water went down into the ground through"clouds"and"rain".The Chinese ancestors attached great importance to the education of fire prevention and extinguishing,and took corresponding specific measures.The inscriptions and patterns on the pottery well railing of the Eastern Han Dynasty are a concrete reflection of the concept of fire prevention and extinguishing.

关 键 词：洛阳 东汉 陶井栏 

分 类 号：K29[历史地理—历史学]