油橄榄雌性繁殖成功的花粉和资源限制  

Pollen and resource limitations to female reproductive success of Olea europaea L.(Oleaceae)

作　　者：罗长维[1] 陈桂芳[2] 闫明旭[1] 朱恒星[2] 陈友[1] LUO Chang-wei;CHEN Gui-fang;YAN Ming-xu;ZHU Heng-xing;CHEN You(Chongqing City Management College,Chongqing 401331,China;Chongqing Academy of Forestry,Chongqing 400036,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆城市管理职业学院,重庆401331 [2]重庆市林业科学研究院,重庆400036

出　　处：《云南大学学报（自然科学版）》2023年第6期1321-1330,共10页Journal of Yunnan University(Natural Sciences Edition)

基　　金：重庆市教委科研项目(KJZD-K201903301);重庆市科委基础与前沿研究计划(cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0151);重庆城市管理职业学院创新团队建设项目(KYTD202105).

摘　　要：雄全同株植物油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)鲜果肉为优质食用油原料,但存在结果率低下的问题.研究对油橄榄的开花特性进行观察,运用人工授粉、补施肥料、不同比例剪叶处理以及不同比例疏花处理研究了油橄榄花粉和资源限制对雌性繁殖成功的影响,并进一步探讨了该植物的“花多果少”的繁殖机制.结果表明:油橄榄单花序花期3~4 d,表现为完全花先熟,雄花后熟,有支持异交降低自交的倾向.油橄榄单株花期4~5 d,群体盛花期6~9 d,呈“集中开花模式”,花朵具芳香,能吸引多种昆虫前来访花,易造成自花授粉.异交人工授粉、风媒授粉与自然授粉3个处理间的结果率及单果重量没有显著差异,表明花粉来源与数量对油橄榄雌性繁殖成功没有影响.油橄榄雌性繁殖成功存在资源限制:补充施肥显著提高了植株的单生殖枝花序数、单花序完全花数、结果率与单果干重.随着剪除叶片比例增加,结果率显著下降,单果干重也显著降低,其中剪除叶片1/4的结果率与单果干重有所下降,但与对照差异不显著,而剪除叶片2/4、剪除叶片3/4及剪除全部叶片的结果率与单果干重均显著低于对照.随着疏花比例增加,初始花的结果率呈下降趋势,保留花的结果率则先降后升;单果干重则疏花1/4处理时增加,随着疏花比例继续增加,单果干重与对照差异不大.整体看来,油橄榄结果率极低,不同因子对其低水平坐果率可能产生相互作用.雄性功能假说和资源限制假说似乎是油橄榄“花多果少”繁殖策略的合理解释.The olive tree(Olea europaea L.)is a dioecious plant that produces high-quality edible oil from its fresh fruit flesh.However,it suffers from a low fruit set rate.In this study,we observed the flowering characteristics of olive trees and investigated the effects of pollen and resource limitations on female reproductive success through artificial pollination,supplementary fertilization,different leaf pruning ratios,and different flower thinning ratios.We aimed to explore the reproductive mechanism of the"many flowers,few fruits"phenomenon in this plant.The results showed that each individual olive flower had a blooming period of 3 to 4 days,with complete flowers maturing earlier than male flowers,indicating a tendency to reduce self-pollination and support cross-pollination.The blooming period of a single olive tree lasted for 4 to 5 days,while the peak flowering period of the population lasted for 6 to 9 days,displaying a"mass-flowering pattern".The flowers were fragrant and attracted various insects,which could lead to self-pollination.There was no significant difference in fruit set rate and individual fruit weight among the three treatments:artificial cross-pollination,wind-mediated pollination,and natural pollination.This suggests that the source and quantity of pollen did not affect female reproductive success in olive trees.However,there was a resource limitation for successful female reproduction in olive trees.Supplementary fertilization significantly increased the number of flower clusters per reproductive branch,the number of complete flowers per cluster,fruit set rate,and individual fruit weight.As the leaf pruning ratio increased,the fruit set rate and individual fruit weight significantly decreased.The fruit set rate and individual fruit weight decreased with a leaf pruning ratio of 1/4,but the difference was not significant compared to the control.However,when 2/4,3/4,or all leaves were pruned,the fruit set rate and individual fruit weight were significantly lower than the control.With an increase i

关 键 词：油橄榄 花粉限制 资源限制 补充授粉 补充施肥 繁殖策略 

分 类 号：Q948[生物学—植物学]