论原因自由行为的可罚性基础  

Legal Basis of Punishability of Actio Libera in Causa

作　　者：崔涵 CUI Han(School of Law,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学法学院,北京100078

出　　处：《西南政法大学学报》2023年第5期59-74,共16页Journal of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

摘　　要：构成要件模式与例外模式不仅难以证成原因自由行为的可罚性,而且与我国实定法规定存在着难以调和的矛盾。责任能力的本质是理性选择能力。在原因自由行为的情形中,醉酒的人、吸食毒品的人虽然会失去辨识行为、控制身体的能力,但不会像精神病人一样因神经系统障碍而丧失责任能力,无法以责任能力阙如为由减免刑事责任,因而《中华人民共和国刑法》第18条第4款的规定本质上是一个注意规定。行为人侵害他人的风险会随着持续饮酒、吸食毒品的过程逐渐升高,居于监督保证人地位的也是行为人自身,因而注意义务的内容是在实施原因行为前后采取积极的风险预防措施,具体方式可以在个案中进行差异化。行为人应当在尚未失去行为能力时进行审慎判断,如果没有采取预防性措施,或者采取的措施未能有效阻止风险的实现,就意味着违反了注意义务,需要承担刑事责任。The constitutive element model and the exception model are not only difficult to prove the punishability of actio libera in causa,but also there is an irreconcilable contradiction between them and the provisions of our positive law.The Essence of responsibility capacity can be understood as the individuals ability to make rational choices.In the case of actio libera in cause,although drunken people and drug addicts will lose the ability to recognize behaviour and control their bodies,they will not lose the criminal responsibility capacity due to neurological disorders like mentally patient,and thus cannot reduce criminal responsibility on the grounds of lack of the criminal responsibility capacity.Article 18(4)of the Criminal Code of the Peoples Republic of China is essentially a provision of attention.The risk of the perpetrator harming others rises gradually with the continued consumption of alcohol and drugs,and it is the perpetrator himself who is in the position of berwachungsgaranten,thus the content of the duty of care is to take positive risk prevention measures before or after committing the causal acts,and the specific ways can be shaped differently in each case.The perpetrator should make a prudent judgment while not yet incapacitated.Failure to take preventive measures,or taking measures that fail to effectively prevent the realization of the risk,implies a breach of the duty of care and entails criminal responsibility.

关 键 词：原因自由行为 刑事责任能力 理性选择能力 注意义务 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]