尼克松政府时期中美民间科技交流与政治博弈  

People-to-people Science and Technology Diplomacy and Political Gamesmanship Between China and the United States During the Nixon Administration

作　　者：张静 ZHANG Jing(Department of History,Research Center for the History of People's Republic of China,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系、北京大学中华人民共和国史研究中心,北京100871

出　　处：《中国科技史杂志》2023年第3期325-342,共18页The Chinese Journal for the History of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目“中美民间科技交流的缘起、实践与叙事(1971—1979)”(项目编号:20BZS082)。

摘　　要：中美民间科技交流的开展与两国政治关系正常化的开启基本同步,但前者对后者的影响并没有构成因果关系。在冷战背景下,民间科技交流成为缓和敌对国家间政治关系的外交工具,直接服务于两国政治与外交目标;参与跨国交流的科学家等人民主体,既是人民外交中两国政府政治博弈的标的,又受到国家、政府、政党等传统政治性力量的塑造。在国际冷战的大背景下,未建交状态下中美科技交流的民间形式与两国政府掌控的政治实质之间存在着无法消除的张力与矛盾,致使民间科技交流未能促进政治关系,反而因国内政治和国家间政治的影响而陷入困局。The development of Sino-US people-to-people science and technology diplomacy occurred in tandem with the Sino-U.S.rapprochement.However,the former did not cause the latter.Against the backdrop of the Cold War,people-to-people science and technology diplomacy served as diplomatic tools to ease political relations between hostile nations,directly serving the political and diplomatic objectives of both countries.Participants in transnational exchanges,such as scientists,are both targets of political games between the two governments in popular diplomacy and are shaped by traditional political forces like nations,governments,and political parties.Against the backdrop of the Cold War and in the absence of diplomatic relations,there existed irreconcilable tensions and contradictions between the civilian form of Sino-US science and technology diplomacy and its political essence.These tensions and contradictions led to the inability of civilian technology diplomacy to promote political relations,and instead,they fell into a predicament due to the influence of domestic and international political conflicts.

关 键 词：尼克松政府 中美关系正常化 民间科技交流 人民外交 政治博弈 

分 类 号：N092[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]