IgG亚类分子生物学特性及在相关疾病临床应用的研究进展  

Research progress on molecular biological characteristics of IgG subclasses and its clinical application in related diseases

作　　者：张胜 曹君[1] 金婕妤 梁玉婷 ZHANG Sheng;CAO Jun;JIN Jieyu;LIANG Yuting(Center for Clinical Laboratory,the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,Suzhou,Jiangsu 215006,China)

机构地区：[1]苏州大学附属第一医院临床检测中心,江苏苏州215006

出　　处：《中华全科医学》2023年第11期1932-1935,1976,共5页Chinese Journal of General Practice

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(81901632)。

摘　　要：免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)是B淋巴细胞在抗原刺激下转化为浆细胞,进而产生能与相应抗原发生特异性结合的抗体,是适应性免疫系统分泌的一种糖蛋白,在体液免疫中发挥重要作用,包括免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白E(IgE)和免疫球蛋白D(IgD)。其中IgG是血清中免疫球蛋白的主要成分,是人体血清和细胞外液中含量最高、半衰期最长的免疫球蛋白类型。IgG是人体内最主要的抗体,具有抗菌、抗病毒感染、中和毒素及免疫调节的功能,同时也是唯一能通过胎盘在新生儿抗感染中起重要作用的类型。根据重链抗原性和二硫键的数目不同,IgG又可分IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4四个亚类,IgG不同亚型的整体结构类似,但其结合辅助分子和受体的重要结构差异可发挥不同的生物学功能,如抗原抗体识别、补体激活及细胞表面受体特异性结合等。鉴于IgG各亚类重链铰链区氨基酸序列不同,4种IgG亚类抗体在不同的临床疾病进展过程中发挥的功能不同。目前已有相关研究显示IgG亚类在自身免疫性疾病、感染性疾病、变态反应性疾病等疾病中具有重要的临床应用价值,故本文就IgG各亚类分子特征和生物学作用及其与临床疾病的相关性进行综述,为临床相关疾病的发病机制研究及诊疗和疾病预后监测提供新的思路和视角。Immunoglobulin(Ig)is a glycoprotein secreted by the adaptive immune system,which plays an important role in humoral immunity,including immunoglobulin G(IgG),immunoglobulin M(IgM),immunoglobulin A(IgA),immunoglobulin E(IgE),and immunoglobulin D(IgD).Among them,IgG is the main component of immunoglobulin in serum,and it is the type of immunoglobulin with the highest content and longest half-life in human serum and extracellular fluid.IgG is the most important antibody in the human body,which has the functions of antibacterial,antiviral infection,neutralizing toxin and immune regulation.It is also the only type that can pass the placenta and play an important role in neonatal anti-infection.According to the number of heavy chain antigenicity and disulfide bond,IgG points IgG1,IgG2,IgG3,IgG4 four subgroups,the structure of the different subtypes is similar,but the combination of helpers and receptors important structural differences can produce different biological functions,such as recognition of antigen-antibody,complement activation and cell surface receptor specificity combined.In view of the different amino acid sequences in the hinge region of the heavy chain of each IgG subclass,the four IgG subclass antibodies play different functions in different clinical disease progression.At present,relevant studies have shown that IgG subclasses have important clinical application value in autoimmune diseases,infectious diseases,allergic diseases and other diseases.Therefore,this article reviews the molecular characteristics and biological effects of IgG subclasses and their correlation with clinical diseases.It provides new ideas and perspectives for the study of pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment and prognostic monitoring of clinically related diseases.

关 键 词：免疫球蛋白G 免疫球蛋白G亚类 自身免疫病 免疫缺陷病 

分 类 号：R593[医药卫生—内科学]