从男性美到女性美:麗性别指向的语义史变迁  

From Male Beauty to Female Beauty:Change of the Semantic History of the Gender Orientation of“Li”

作　　者：杨爱姣 YANG Ai-jiao(College of Humanities,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,Guangdong,518060)

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院,广东深圳518060

出　　处：《深圳大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第5期153-160,共8页Journal of Shenzhen University：Humanities & Social Sciences

摘　　要：“麗”字有一个义项是“美麗”,该义一直保存至今,但其在不同的历史时期指向不同的性别。先秦崇尚大美,“麗”既指男性,也指女性,但主要指男性。到了汉代,“麗”的修饰对象明确化了,直指人的“容貌”;与“麗”字搭配的字,因性别的不同而出现分化。当它指向男性时,多与“美”“壮”“曼”等字搭配,凸显男性的雅美;当它指向女性时,多与“姝”“妙”“逸”等字搭配,强调女性的娇美。魏晋时期男女皆以阴柔为美,因此“麗”字男女通用。唐代除了某个阶段女子以肥为美,其余时段均以娇弱为美,“麗”主要描写女子。宋代女子以卑弱纤瘦为美,绝大多数情况下“麗”指向女性。至元代以后,男、女仪表美的标准彻底分化,男子以壮为美,女子以瘦为美,“麗”只指向女性,成为女性的专属形容词了。从语义史的角度分析,“麗”的语义范围至少经历了三次变化:第一次是语义范围的扩大,“麗”由先秦的多指男性,发展为汉魏的男女通指;第二次变化是语义范围的缩小,“麗”由汉魏的男女通指,发展为唐宋的多指女性;第三次变化是语义范围的再度缩小,“麗”由唐宋多指女性,发展到元代仅指女性。如今“麗”指向明确、意义清晰,成为构词能力极强的语素。The word“Li”(麗)has a meaning of“beautiful”,which has been preserved to this day,but it refers to different genders in different historical periods.The pre-Qin Period advocated great beauty,and“Li”refers to both men and women,but mainly refers to men.In the Han Dynasty,the modification object of“Li”became clear,and it directly pointed to a person's“appearance”;the words that match the word“Li”differed depending on gender.When it pointed to men,the combination of words such as“Mei”(美),“Zhuang”(壮)and“Man”(曼)highlights the elegance of men;when it refers to women,it is often combined with the words“Shu”(姝),“Miao”(妙)and“Yi”(逸)to emphasize the beauty of women.During the Wei and Jin Dynasties,both men and women regarded femininity as their beauty,so the word“Li”is unisex for both men and women.Except for a certain period in the Tang Dynasty,women were beautiful because they were fat,and in other periods,they were beautiful because they were delicate.“Li”mainly describes women.In the Song Dynasty,women were beautiful because they were humble and thin,and most of them were beautiful.In this case,“beautiful”refers to women.After the Yuan Dynasty,the standards of physical beauty of men and women were completely differentiated.Men regarded strong as beautiful,and women regarded thin as beautiful.“Li”only pointed to women,and became an exclusive adjective for women.To be analyzed from the perspective of the semantic history,the semantic scope of“Li”has undergone at least three changes:the first is the expansion of the semantic scope,and“Li”has developed from referring mostly to men in the Pre-Qin Period to a generic reference to men and women in the Han and Wei dynasties;the second change is the semantic scope has narrowed.“Li”has evolved from referring to both men and women in the Han and Wei dynasties to mostly referring to women in the Tang and Song dynasties.The third change is the narrowing of the semantic scope again.“Li”has evo

关 键 词：麗 性别指向 审美观 语义史 变迁 

分 类 号：H03[语言文字—语言学]