“大宛”和“大夏”:张骞带回的两个希腊族称  

“Dayuan”and“Daxia”:Two Ethnic Names for the Greeks Reported by Zhang Qian

作　　者：徐晓旭[1] Xu Xiaoxu(School of History,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院,北京100872

出　　处：《华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2023年第6期138-147,共10页Journal of Central China Normal University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金冷门绝学项目“古希腊语史诗《女英雄谱》残篇译注与研究”(21VJXG030)。

摘　　要：张骞当年到达的是一个解体中的希腊-巴克特里亚王国。国王虽已不存在,但巴克特里亚和费尔干纳的希腊城市的自治政治还在继续。大月氏人占据了索格狄亚那南部,但并未直接统治巴克特里亚,那里的希腊基层政权只是臣服于他们。这种政治局面导致了张骞将三个地区理解为三个“国家”。也正是在这样的一种希腊化历史情境中,张骞使用他在出访途中不同路段听到的来自不同语言的希腊人族称,将费尔干纳定义为“大宛”,将巴克特里亚定义为“大夏”。“大宛”来自东方民族对希腊人的他称,该他称又来自希腊人的一支伊奥尼亚人的希腊语自称。“大夏”来自希腊人的希腊语自称。张骞的这种定义为中国人开创了一种关于“西域”的知识传统。对这一传统的解读,应置于综合多语种史料和考古资料所重建的历史情境当中。The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was disintegrating when Zhang Qian arrived in there.The king no longer existed,but the autonomous politics continued in the Greek cities of Bactria and Fergana.Yuezhi occupied the southern Sogdiana,but did not directly rule Bactria,where Greek authorities were only subordinate to them.This political situation led Zhang Qian to regard these three regions as three“states”.It was in such a Hellenistic historical context that Zhang Qian defined Fergana as“Dayuan”and Bactria as“Daxia”by using the ethnic names for the Greeks from different languages that he heard at different points in his travels.“Dayuan”derived from the Oriental exonym for the Greeks,which was in turn how the Ionians,a sub-group of the Greeks,called themselves.“Daxia”was the Greek name to address the Greeks.Zhang Qian's definition created a tradition of knowledge about the“Western Regions”for the Chinese.The interpretation of this tradition should be placed in its historical context reconstructed from a synthesis of multilingual historical and archeological sources.

关 键 词：张骞 大宛 大夏 伊奥尼亚人 希腊人 

分 类 号：D829[政治法律—政治学] K234.1[政治法律—外交学]