不同秸秆覆盖耕种模式对半干旱区玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响  

Effects of different straw mulching cultivation patterns on maize growth and water use in semi-arid areas

作　　者：徐晨[1] 闫伟平[1] 张丽华[1] 赵洪祥[1] 孙宁[1] 于江[1] 李斐 孟祥盟[1] 谭国波[1] 边少锋[1] XU Chen;YAN Weiping;ZHANG Lihua;ZHAO Hongxiang;SUN Ning;YU Jiang;LI Fei;MENG Xiangmeng;TAN Guobo;BIAN Shaofeng(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Northeast Key Laboratory of Water Saving Agriculture,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural China,Changchun,Jilin 130033,China)

机构地区：[1]吉林省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业农村部东北节水农业重点实验室,吉林长春130033

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2023年第6期157-167,226,共12页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：吉林省农业科技创新工程项目(CXGC2021TD003);吉林省科技发展计划项目(20220203006NC,20220404011NC);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-02-50)。

摘　　要：研究合理的秸秆覆盖耕种模式是实现半干旱区秸秆覆盖条件下玉米绿色高效生产的重要途径。开展2 a大田试验,设置传统耕作模式(CK)、秸秆覆盖模式(T1)、秸秆覆盖+深松模式(T2)、秸秆覆盖+碎混模式(T3)4个处理,研究不同秸秆覆盖耕种模式对玉米根系伤流特性、光合特性、碳氮代谢相关酶活性、生长发育、产量及其构成因素和水分利用特性的影响。结果表明:不同处理玉米根系伤流强度、伤流液中细胞分裂素(CTK)和生长素(IAA)含量均表现为T3>T2>CK>T1,脱落酸(ABA)含量表现为T1>CK>T2>T3;与CK和T1处理相比,T2与T3处理的CTK和IAA含量显著增加、ABA含量显著下降。玉米叶片净光合速率(P_(n))、气孔导度(G_(s))、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_(i))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、表观叶肉导度(AMC)和叶片水分利用效率(WUEL)均表现为T3>T2>CK>T1,气孔限制百分率(L_(s))表现为T3<T2<CK<T1,T3处理的P_(n)、G_(s)、C_(i)、T_(r)、AMC和WUEL均显著高于T1处理,T1处理的L_(s)显著高于其他3个处理。与T1处理相比,T3处理的RuBP羧化酶和PEP羧化酶活性均显著增加,两年分别增加10.66%、5.54%和5.24%、6.78%;T2与T3处理的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性显著高于T1处理,T3处理的谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性显著低于T1处理。T2与T3处理的叶面积指数(LAI)显著高于CK和T1处理,株高和干物质积累显著高于T1处理。与T1处理相比,T2和T3处理玉米产量两年分别提高了6.45%、12.13%和16.59%、19.39%;年份与处理均对玉米产量产生显著影响,两者的影响趋势相同。T2与T3处理玉米穗长、穗直径、百粒质量显著高于T1处理,水分利用效率(WUE)均显著高于CK和T1处理。综上,秸秆覆盖+碎混模式(T3处理)可作为吉林省半干旱区玉米绿色高效生产推荐技术模式。Research on rational straw mulching cultivation pattern is an important way to achieve green and efficient maize production under straw mulching conditions in semi-arid areas.A two-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different straw mulching cultivation patterns on maize root bleeding characteristics,photosynthetic characteristics,activities of enzymes related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism,growth and development,yield and its components and water use characteristics by setting up four treatments of traditional farming pattern(CK),straw mulching pattern(T1),straw mulching and subsoiling pattern(T2),and straw mulching and crushing and mixing pattern(T3).The results showed that the bleeding sap mass of maize roots and the contents of cytokinin(CTK)and auxin(IAA)in the bleeding sap demonstrated a trend of T3>T2>CK>T1,and the content of abscisic acid(ABA)displayed a trend of T1>CK>T2>T3.The content of CTK and IAA of T2 and T3 treatments increased significantly,while the content of ABA decreased significantly compared with CK and T1 treatments.The net photosynthetic rate(P_(n)),stomatal conductance(G_(s)),intercellular carbon dioxide concentration(C_(i)),transpiration rate(T_(r)),apparent mesophyll conductance(AMC)and leaf water use efficiency(WUEL)of maize leaves all showed a trend of T3>T2>CK>T1,and the percentage of stomatal restriction(L_(s))demonstrated a trend of T3<T2<CK<T1.The activity of RuBP carboxylase and PEP carboxylase of T3 treatment increased significantly by 10.66%,5.54%and 5.24%,6.78% respectively in 2 years compared with T1 treatment.The activity of glutamine synthetase(GS)of T2 and T3 treatment was significantly higher than that of T1 treatment,and the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH)of T3 treatment was significantly lower than that of T1 treatment.The leaf area index(LAI)of T2 and T3 treatments were significantly higher than that of CK and T1 treatments.The plant height and dry matter accumulation of T2 and T3 treatments were significantly increased compared with

关 键 词：玉米 秸秆覆盖 生理特性 产量 水分利用 半干旱区 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S341