新型数字权利:试想数字时代的其他基本权利  

New Digital Rights:Imagining Additional Fundamental Rights for the Digital Era

作　　者： 黄安杰(译) Bart Custers(Leiden University)

机构地区：[1]荷兰莱顿大学 [2]荷兰莱顿大学法律与数字技术中心 [3]吉林大学法学院

出　　处：《人权法学》2023年第5期115-138,153,154,共26页Journal of Human Rights Law

摘　　要：政府和企业对数字技术日益广泛地使用,引发了有关数字技术监管尤其是有关公民享有的权利和法律保护的疑问。其重点主要在于现行的(基本)权利的行使和修改的可能性。然而,这一领域的辩论和法律研究缺乏关于公民在数字时代应当拥有哪些新型权利的更广泛的讨论。一些新兴概念只是偶尔才会浮现,如“被遗忘权”。文章讨论的问题是,倘若现在从零开始草拟一些新的、额外的权利,而不受制于一系列现行的基本权利,那么,在数字时代可以设想出哪些权利呢?为了就此开启一场更广泛的法律辩论,现提出公民在数字领域所享有的各种新型权利。The increasing use of digital technologies by governments and companies raises numerous questions regarding regulating these technologies,particularly regarding the rights and legal protections citizens are entitled to.In essence,legal issues related to the rights of citizens can be categorized into three types:1.Violations of rights resulting from(the use of)new technologies.2.Conflicting rights resulting from(the use of)new technologies.3.New issues resulting from(the use of)new technologies for which no rights exist yet.Typical examples in the first category are questions regarding the extent to which sophisticated data analytics interfere with someone's privacy or the extent to which risk profiling is potentially discriminatory against particular groups.Typical examples in the second category are questions regarding the extent to which someone may be wiretapped(privacy interest)for criminal investigation(security interest)or the extent to which someone may insult a religion(freedom of religion versus freedom of speech).A typical example in the third category is the'right to be forgotten,'sometimes referred to as the'right to oblivion,'that since 2018,incorporated in Article 17 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR),or a(theoretical,non-existing)'right to anonymity.'The focus of technological regulation,especially the protection of civil rights,is mainly on the application and potential modification of existing(fundamental)rights.However,the debate and legal research in this area need a broader discussion on new rights citizens should have in the digital era.The fact that there exists little attention for new concepts may be partially due to the fact that many legal issues in legal practice and legal research have a legal-dogmatic nature, focused on the question of whether and howexisting legislation applies to new technology. Typical examples are questions aboutwhether Bitcoins and other cryptocurrencies qualify as money as defined in legislationfor the financial sector or questions whether e-mail

关 键 词：数字权利 离线权 网络接入权 不去知情的权利 改变主意的权利 以全新(教学)记录开始的权利 数据到期权 了解自身数据价值的权利 纯净数字环境权 数字环境安全权 

分 类 号：D916[政治法律—法学]