文物中常见可溶盐精确鉴别方法  

Accurate Identification of Common Soluble Salts in Cultural Relics

作　　者：赵文华 韩向娜 叶琳 白九江 ZHAO Wen-hua;HAN Xiang-na;YE Lin;BAI Jiu-jiang(Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology,University of Science and Technology Beijing,Beijing 100083,China;Chongqing Culture Relics and Archaeology Research Institute(Chongqing Cultural Heritage Protection Center),Chongqing 400013,China)

机构地区：[1]北京科技大学科技史与文化遗产研究院,北京100083 [2]重庆市文物考古研究院(重庆文化遗产保护中心),重庆400013

出　　处：《光谱学与光谱分析》2023年第12期3826-3831,共6页Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1522404,2020YFC1521804)资助。

摘　　要：盐害是多孔材质文物中较普遍、较严重的病害。可溶盐在复杂的水盐活动中会持续对文物本体造成破坏。精确鉴别文物中可溶盐的种类是研究文物盐害机理、开展盐害治理、设计开发相应的文物保护材料的必要前提。为此,建立了一套文物中可溶盐提取和鉴定的操作流程,通过离子色谱(IC)、光学显微镜、红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)等多种技术方法的优化组合,实现对文物中常见可溶盐的精确鉴别。研究表明,NaCl可通过IC(浸出液中含有Na^(+)、Cl^(-))、显微观察(立方晶体)以及SEM-EDS(主要含有Na、Cl元素)进行鉴别;CaCl_(2)可通过IC(Ca^(2+)、Cl^(-))以及SEM-EDS(Ca、Cl元素)进行鉴别;Na_(2)SO_(4)可通过IC(Na^(+)、SO_(4)^(2-))、显微观察(丛状或团簇状晶体)、FTIR(主峰1 134、637、615cm^(-1))、Raman(主峰993cm^(-1))以及SEM-EDS(Na、S、O元素)进行鉴别;CaSO4可通过IC(Ca2+、SO_(4)^(2-))、显微观察(六棱柱状、针状或棒状晶体)、FTIR(1 144、668、603cm^(-1))、Raman(1 017cm^(-1))以及SEM-EDS(Ca、S、O元素)进行鉴别;NaNO_(3)可通过IC(Na^(+)、NO_(3)^(-))、FTIR(1 379、1 353和837cm^(-1))、Raman(1 071cm^(-1))以及SEM-EDS(Na、N、O元素)进行鉴别;Ca(NO_(3))_(2)·4H_(2)O可通过IC(Ca^(2+)、NO_(3)^(-))、FTIR(1 437、1 367、1 047cm^(-1))、Raman(1 059cm^(-1))以及SEM-EDS(Ca、N、O元素)进行鉴别。另外,通过显微形貌观察可直接鉴别出立方块状的NaCl,丛状、团簇状或薄片状的Na_(2)SO_(4),以及六棱柱状、针状或棒状的CaSO_(4)。CaCl_(2)、NaNO3、Ca(NO_(3))_(2)·4H_(2)O具有强吸湿性,暴露在室温下有快速潮解现象,据此可判断结晶盐中是否含有强潮解盐。该鉴别技术组合使用常见仪器设备,成本较低,简单易操作,结果可靠,可用于不同材质文物中可溶盐的精确鉴定,具有较好的应用推广前景。Salt damage is a common and serious disease in porous cultural relics.Complex w ater and salt activities make the salt continuously destroy the cultural relics.Accurate identification of soluble salts in cultural relics is anessential pre requisite for studying the salt damage mechanism and management,and the design and development of appropriate protection materials for cultural relics.In thi s study,an operational procedure for the extraction and identification of soluble salts in cultural relics was established.Through the optimization of ion chromatography(IC),optical microscopy,infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),Raman spectroscopy(Raman),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM-EDS),accu rate identification of common soluble salts in cultural relics has been achieved.T he research shows that NaCl can be identified by IC(Na^(+)and Cl^(-)in leachate),microscopic observation(cubic crystal)and SEM-EDS(mainly containing Na a nd Cl elements);CaCl_(2) can be identified by IC(Ca^(2+),Cl^(-))and SEM-EDS(Ca,Cl elements);Na_(2)SO_(4) can be identified by IC(Na^(+),SO_(4)^(2-)),microscopic observation(clumped or cluster crystal),FTIR(main peaks 1134,637,615 cm^(-1)),Raman(main peak 993 cm^(-1))and SEM-EDS(Na,S,O elements);CaSO_(4) can be identified by IC(Ca^(2+),SO_(4)^(2-)),microscopic observation(hexagonal prism,needle or rod-shaped crysta l),FTIR(1144,668,603 cm^(-1)),Raman(1017 cm^(-1))and SEM-E DS(Ca,S,O elements);NaNO_(3) can be identified by IC(Na^(+),NO_(3)^(-)),FTIR(1379,1353,837 cm^(-1)),Raman(1071 cm^(-1))and SEM-EDS(Na,N,O elements);Ca(NO_(3))_(2)·4H_(2)O can be identified by IC(Ca^(2+),NO_(3)^(-)),FTIR(1437,1367,1047 cm^(-1)),Raman(1059 cm^(-1))and SEM-EDS(Ca,N,O elements).In addition,cubic NaCl,clumped,c luster or flake Na_(2)SO_(4),hexagonal prism,needle or rod-shaped CaSO_(4) can be directly identified through microscopic morphology observation.CaCl_(2),NaNO_(3) and Ca(NO_(3))_(2)·4H_(2)O have strong hygroscopicity and have rapid deliquescence when exposed to room temperature,according to which it can be de termi

关 键 词：文物保护 盐害 可溶盐 分析鉴定 

分 类 号：K854.3[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]