道德和政治哲学视域的分配正义——三大非福利主义平等观的演进  

Distributive Justice from the Perspective of Moral and Political Philosophy:Evolution of the Three Theories of Non-welfarism Equality

作　　者：朱富强 ZHU Fuqiang(China Economics Research Center,Henan University,Kaifeng 475004,China;Lingnan College,Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangzhou 510275,China)

机构地区：[1]河南大学中国经济学研究中心,河南开封475004 [2]中山大学岭南学院,广东广州510275

出　　处：《浙江工商大学学报》2023年第5期96-112,共17页Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国特色社会主义政治经济学理论体系中的国家理论”(19ZDA057)。

摘　　要：道德哲学领域对分配正义的关注和争论集中在“为什么要平等”和“什么要平等”这两大议题上,前者体现在对人际相异性的考察,后者则体现了平等评价标准的探究。正是基于不同维度的条件而形成了不同的平等主义理念,广为流传的就是罗尔斯关注政治经济制度合理化的基本善平等、德沃金侧重社会资源占有或分配的资源平等以及阿马蒂亚·森强调个体权利的“可行能力”平等。在很大程度上,这些平等主义都是在批判功利主义和福利主义的基础上建立起来的,都是基于一个特定维度的分配正义构建;同时,从“基本善”到资源平等再到“可行能力”平等体现出对平等内涵的认知深化,并且建立在对人际相异性以及个人责任的认知推进之基础上。正是基于这一逻辑,一系列的平等主义推进也就促进了对社会公平与分配正义的认知深化,促进了社会合作和正义秩序的制度演进。因此,梳理分配正义和社会秩序的思想发展史,将有助于更深刻地认识当前社会基于共同富裕所推行的收入分配及其政策,有助于市场经济和社会公平的结合而推进经济学的发展和完善。The attention and debate on distributive justice in the field of moral philosophy focus on two major issues:“why equality is necessary”and“what equality is necessary”.The former is reflected in the examination of interpersonal heterogeneity,while the latter reflects the exploration of equality evaluation standards.It is precisely based on different dimensions of conditions that different egalitarian concepts have emerged.The widely circulated ones are Rawls focus on primary goodness equality in the rationalization of political and economic systems,Dworkin's emphasis on resource equality in the possession or distribution of social resources,and Amartya Sen's emphasis on the“feasible ability”equality of individual rights.To a large extent,these egalitarianisms are built on the basis of criticizing utilitarianism and welfarism,and are based on a specific dimension of distributive justice construction.At the same time,the transition from“primary goodness”to resource equality and then to“feasible ability”equality reflects a deepening of understanding of the connotation of equality,and is based on the promotion of understanding of interpersonal differences and personal responsibilities.It is precisely based on this logic that a series of egalitarian advances have promoted a deeper understanding of social fairness and distributive justice,and promoted the institutional evolution of social cooperation and justice order.Therefore,sorting out the development history of the ideas of distributive justice and social order will help to have a deeper understanding of the income distribution and policies implemented in current society based on common prosperity,and promote the development and improvement of economics by combining market economy and social equity.

关 键 词：分配正义 基本善 资源平等 可行能力平等 收入分配 

分 类 号：F09[经济管理—政治经济学]