《民法典》自愿紧急救助规则的实践样态与规范解释  

The Practice Forms and Normative Interpretation of Good Samaritan Rule in Civil Code

作　　者：宋宗宇[1] 何文浩 SONG Zongyu;HE Wenhao(School of Law,Chongqing University,Chongqing 400044,China)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院,重庆400044

出　　处：《齐鲁学刊》2023年第6期75-87,共13页Qilu Journal

基　　金：中国法学会2021年度部级法学研究课题“《见义勇为人员奖励和保护法》立法建议稿研究”[CLS(2021)D94];重庆市研究生科研创新项目“鼓励见义勇为法律制度研究”(CYB18049);重庆大学中央高校基本科研项目“新时代重大法治问题研究”(2019CDSKXYFX0040)。

摘　　要：《民法典》自愿紧急救助规则是践行社会主义核心价值观的法制支撑。由于但书规定缺乏,该规则一直饱受争议。裁判实践表明,自愿是主要争议焦点;救助行为的过错审查标准不一,性质界定不明;紧急条件未充分发挥其规范作用。规则适用问题集中在重大过失归责上。相较于体系解释与目的解释,回归文义解释仍应为首要选择。引入阶层视角,可厘清规则的责任阻却属性,重塑各项条件的关系。规范解释命题包括,自愿救助人因重大过失造成受助人损害,依无因管理等规则,应当承担适当的责任;在紧急条件下,自愿救助人造成受助人损害,即便有重大过失,也不承担责任。当然,紧急条件应深化解释为,自愿救助在客观上时机紧迫与别无选择。The rule of good samaritan in the Civil Code provides the legal support for practicing Socialist Core Values.This rule has been controversial because of the lack of the proviso.The judicial practice shows that voluntariness is the main focus of litigation dispute;there is difference in the judicial review of the good samaritan’s fault;the nature of rescue is unclear;emergency condition have not fully played its normative role.The applicable trouble of the rule focuses on the liability of the good samaritan with gross negligence.Returning to literal interpretation should be the first choice,compared with systematic interpretation and teleological interpretation.Introducing the stratum perspective can clarify the attribute of liability-rejecting,and reshape the relationship among applicable conditions of the rule.The normative proposition includes that the good samaritan should assume appropriate liability according to the rules of negotiorum gestio;when the good samaritan with gross negligence cause some damage to the rescuee,he is liable;the good samaritan will not be liable for the rescuee’s damage under the emergency condition,even if there is a gross fault.Of course,emergency condition should be further interpreted as that voluntary rescue is objectively urgent,and the good samaritan doesn’t have other choice.

关 键 词：自愿紧急救助 无因管理 紧急避险 责任阻却 重大过失 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]