地球化学与提取冶金的学科借鉴——以铂族金属和金为例  

Interdisciplinarity of geochemistry and extractive metallurgy—Taking platinum group metals and gold as examples

作　　者：雷云涛 孙丰龙 赵中伟 LEI Yun-tao;SUN Feng-long;ZHAO Zhong-wei(School of Metallurgy and Environment,Central South University,Changsha 410083,China;Hunan Key laboratory for Metallurgy and Material Processing of Rare Metals,Central South University,Changsha 410083 China)

机构地区：[1]中南大学冶金与环境学院,长沙410083 [2]中南大学、稀有金属冶金与材料制备湖南省重点实验室,长沙410083

出　　处：《中国有色金属学报》2023年第9期2957-2974,共18页The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(92062223,72088101);国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFC1901600)。

摘　　要：漫长的地质演化和成矿过程显现了元素最本质的化学特性,而提取冶金正是利用元素的本性驱动它们向特定方向迁移和转变。一些成矿作用和冶金方法具有相似的反应原理、反应条件和反应形式,例如,岩浆作用与火法熔炼,热液作用与湿法浸出。因此,地球化学与提取冶金之间的学科借鉴可以为元素的分离和富集行为提供新的理解角度。对于作为战略性关键金属的铂族金属(PGMs),基于其地球化学亲和性顺序(亲铁性>亲硫性>>亲石性),可以实现PGMs在成矿过程和冶金过程中的超常富集,即通过岩浆的熔离作用和结晶作用,或通过造锍熔炼、氧化吹炼和硫化精炼等冶金工序,促使PGMs由硅酸盐向硫化物再向合金相中不断富集。此外,以金属或金属硫化物作为捕集剂,采用高温熔炼法也可以从废汽车尾气催化剂中有效回收PGMs。对于金矿而言,热液作用和风化作用过程中Au的迁移形态包括含硫配合物、含氯配合物和(类)氰化物等,而湿法冶金过程中Au的浸出方法也相应包括了硫化物法(如硫脲法、硫代硫酸法和多硫化物法)、氯化法和氰化法等。无论是在铁帽型金矿的成矿动力学上还是在氧化浸金的冶金动力学上,过渡金属离子作为催化剂对界面氧化还原-溶解反应均发挥了关键性的作用。The long-term geological evolution and metallogenic process reveal the chemical characteristics of elements,and the essence of extraction metallurgy is to drive the transfer and conversion of species in a predetermined direction based on the nature of elements.Furthermore,some ore-forming processes and metallurgical processes share reaction principles,reaction conditions and reaction forms,such as magmatism and pyrometallurgy,hydrothermalism and hydrometallurgy.Therefore,the interdisciplinarity between geochemistry and metallurgy can provide a distinctive perspective for understanding the behavior of elements in separation or enrichment.For platinum group metals(PGMs)regarded as strategically critical metals,the super-enrichment of PGMs in ore-forming processes and metallurgical processes can be achieved based on its geochemical affinity as siderophile>chalcophile>>lithophile.Through the liquation and crystallization of magma,or through the metallurgical processes,such as matte smelting,oxidation blowing and sulphidizing refining,PGMs are successively enriched from silicate to sulfide and then to alloy.In addition,PGMs can also be effectively recovered from spent auto-exhaust catalyst by high-temperature smelting with metal or metal sulfide as the collector.For gold ore,the migration species of Au in hydrothermal and weathering processes include sulfur-containing complexes,chlorine-containing complexes and(analogue)cyanides,correspondingly,the leaching methods of Au in hydrometallurgical processes include sulfide method(such as thiourea method,thiosulfate method and polysulfide method),chlorination method and cyanidation method.The catalysis of transition metal ions for the interfacial redox-dissolution reaction plays a key role both in the metallogenic kinetics of gossan type gold deposits and in the metallurgical kinetics of oxidation leaching of gold ore.

关 键 词：贵金属 铂族元素(PGE) 关键金属 超常富集 成矿过程 非氰化提金 

分 类 号：TF83[冶金工程—有色金属冶金]