果园有机肥机械化环沟施肥方法及其实现  

Mechanized ring-furrow fertilization of organic fertilizers in orchards

作　　者：朱新华[1] 李洪春 李旭东 梁家涵 臧家俊 赵怀松 郭文川[1] ZHU Xinhua;LI Hongchun;LI Xudong;LIANG Jiahan;ZANG Jiajun;ZHAO Huaisong;GUO Wenchuan(College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling 712100,China;School of Mechanical Electronic and Control Engineering,Beijing JiaoTong University,Beijing 100044,China;The 718th Research Institute of China State Shipbuilding Corporation Limited,Handan 056027,China)

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院,杨凌712100 [2]北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044 [3]中国船舶集团有限公司第七一八研究所,邯郸056027

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2023年第17期60-70,共11页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：陕西省农业协同创新与推广联盟重大科技项目(LMZD201703);陕西省重点研发计划项目(2022NY-204,2023-ZDLSF-62)联合资助。

摘　　要：环状沟施肥在传统上被认为是一种果园精准施肥方法,但其高肥效的机理尚不明确,且其机械化作业依然是巨大的挑战。针对上述问题,该研究分析了果园机械化环沟施肥技术的相关农艺要求,并提出有机肥机械化环沟施肥方法及其实现装备。通过分析矮砧密植苹果树根系分布、肥料养分迁移与吸收、肥-土混合的农艺机理,阐明了果园环沟施肥机械化技术的优势和必要性,并确定环沟轨迹基圆半径。提出密植苹果园有机肥机械化环沟施肥方法,在树行单侧以连续曲线沟对根区形成包围,并同步施肥和混肥。研制了履带自走式果园有机肥环沟施肥机。该施肥机借助检测到的树干定位信号,通过电液式环沟轨迹控制系统控制开沟混肥器横向运动。由开沟混肥器的横向运动与施肥机的纵向运动合成曲线轨迹,一体化完成曲线开沟、施肥和混肥。田间试验表明,研制的施肥机能够精准识别果树树干,并围绕树干进行连续的环沟施肥,且肥料与全层土壤混合分布。环沟宽度(210±6.3 mm),施肥深度(300±19.5 mm),平均开沟阻力矩127.32 N·m,开沟混肥器平均功耗5.84 kW,工况稳定。基圆半径为0.7 m时,环沟轨迹和施肥轨迹平均误差分别为0.05和0.03 m。该研究实现了矮砧苹果园有机肥机械化环沟施肥方法,对旱区果园有机肥精准、高效施肥新技术具有促进作用。Ring-furrow fertilization is traditionally known as a precision fertilization for orchards.However,it is still lacking in the mechanism of high fertilizer efficiency.The mechanization also remains a huge challenge.This review aims to focus mainly on the agronomic theory that is related to the mechanized ring-furrow fertilization in orchards,in order to realize the mechanized equipment for organic fertilizers.The root distribution was also summarized using the dense planting dwarfing apple trees.The root system of dwarfing apple trees was usually distributed within 1-3 m2 close to the trunk in the horizontal direction.The most vigorous root system was found at a depth of 150-300 mm,with the best nutrient absorption capacity.The transport of nutrients in the soil into the root was also attributed to the diffusion and mass flow.But the low transport rate of nutrients was about 0.3 mm per day.Therefore,the nutrient availability depended on the distance between the fertilization position and the root system.Ring-furrow fertilization has been one type of precision deep-root fertilization,in order to improve the fertilizer effectiveness with the less migration distance of nutrients into the root system.As such,there was an outstanding increase in nutrient absorption by roots.The base circle radius in the trajectory of the mechanized ring-furrow was determined to be 0.6-1.0 m at the fertilization depth of 300 mm.Meanwhile,mixing organic fertilizer into the soil profile was an essential aspect of precision fertilization in orchards,which positively improved the root zone environment of apple trees.The fertilizer-soil mixing was rapidly improving the soil physicochemical properties in the root zone,together with the soil organic matter content,as well as the water and fertilizer storage capacity.The circulation of water and vapor was then promoted in the root zone environment.Besides,the fertilizer-soil mixing can be expected to enrich the soil microbial community for the soil enzyme activity in the root zone.A healthy soi

关 键 词：机械化 有机肥 精准施肥 施肥机 密植果园 环沟 曲线开沟 

分 类 号：S224.22[农业科学—农业机械化工程]