5种职业健康风险评估方法在汽车整车制造业电焊烟尘暴露中的应用  

Application of five occupational health risk assessment methods in welding fume exposure in automobile manufacturing industry

作　　者：郭笑笑 张慧庆 马红星 刘静[1] 曾强[1] 赵雪 GUO Xiaoxiao;ZHANG Huiqing;MA Hongxing;LIU Jing;ZENG Qiang;ZHAO Xue(Institute for Occupational Health,Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Tianjin,300011,China;School of Public Health,Tianjin Medical University,Tianjin,300070,China;Tianjin Branch,TAW-Volkswagen Automotive Co.,Ltd,Tianjin,301500,China)

机构地区：[1]天津市疾病预防控制中心职业病健康研究所,天津300011 [2]天津医科大学公共卫生学院,天津300070 [3]一汽-大众汽车有限公司天津分公司,天津301500

出　　处：《职业与健康》2023年第19期2607-2611,共5页Occupation and Health

基　　金：天津市医学重点建设学科(TJYXZDXK-066B);天津市自然科学面上项目(20JCYBJC00270)。

摘　　要：目的采用5种职业健康风险评估方法对电焊烟尘暴露岗位健康风险进行评估,及时发现高风险岗位,并比较在电焊烟尘健康风险评估应用中各方法的适用性及优缺点。方法于2021年11月对天津市某汽车整车制造企业开展现场调查,依据调查结果采用国际采矿和金属委员会(International council on mining and metals,ICMM)职业健康风险评估方法、风险程度评价(MES)法和导则中定性法和综合指数法对该汽车整车制造企业的焊接岗位电焊工尘肺患病风险进行职业健康风险评估。通过风险比值对不同方法评估结果标准化后进行比较,并结合职业健康检查资料进行验证。结果现场调查结果显示,天津市某汽车整车制造企业职业卫生管理较为完善,各区域及各焊接岗位电焊烟尘浓度均为超标且低于50%职业接触限制(occupational exposure limit,OEL),焊接岗位8 h时间加权浓度最高为前部焊接岗1.80 mg/m3。5种方法评估结果标准化后风险等级结果为MES法<ICMM定量法<ICMM矩阵法<导则定性法=导则综合指数法,显示天津市某汽车整车制造企业焊接工人电焊烟尘暴露患电焊工尘肺的职业健康风险为中低风险等级,经验证健康检查数据与职业健康风险评估结果保持一致。结论5种方法均可应用于该行业电焊烟尘暴露岗位职业健康风险评估,但都存在一定局限性,在进行相关行业电焊烟尘职业健康风险评估时应考虑采取多种方法综合评估。Objective To evaluate the health risks of welding fume exposure positions by 5 occupational health risk assessment methodsto,find high-risk positions in time,and compare the applicability,advantages,and disadvantages of each method in the application of welding fume health risk assessment.Methods In November 2021,an on-site survey was carried out in an automobile manufacturing enterprise in Tianjin.According to to the results,the International Council on Mining and Metals(ICMM)occupational health risk assessment methodology,the qualitative method in the MES method and the guidelines and the composite index method were used to conduct an occupational health risk assessment of the risk of pneumoconiosis of welders in welding positions of the automobile manufacturing enterprise.The assessment results of different methods were standardized and compared by risk ratio,and verified in combination with occupational health examination data.Results The on-site survey results showed that the occupational health management of the automobile manufacturing enterpriseis relatively perfect,and the concentration of weldingfumein all regions and welding posts exceeded the standard and was less than 50%of occupational exposure limit(OEL),and the maximum 8 h time-weighted concentration in welding posts was 1.80 mg/m3 at the front welding post.After the evaluation results of the five methods were standardized,the risk level results were MES method<ICMM quantitative method<ICMM matrix method<guideline qualitative method=guideline comprehensive index method,which is considered to be the occupational health risk of welding fume exposure of welding workers in the enterprise to welders'pneumoconiosis is medium and low-risk level,and the verified physical examination data was consistent with the results of occupational health risk assessment.Conclusion The five methods can be applied to the occupational health risk assessment of welding fume exposure positions in this industry,but there are certain limitations,and a variety of ways should

关 键 词：职业健康 风险评估 电焊烟尘 汽车整车制造业 

分 类 号：R134.2[医药卫生—劳动卫生]