中国“天下观”与西方“国际观”——兼论人类文明新形态的世界观  

China's"Tianxia Perspective"and Western"International Perspective":A Comprehensive Discussion on the Worldview of a New Form of Human Civilization

作　　者：杨光斌[1] YANG Guangbin

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2023年第11期5-24,共20页Journal of Social Sciences

摘　　要：中国关于人类文明新形态的一系列倡议,意味着中国的角色从“国家”转变为“全球”,那么“谁是中国”这个根本性问题就需要得到回答。历史政治学有助于解释中国身份问题。比较文明发现,作为延续了几千年的中华文明的最高政治目标是“人”,在起点性结构上是形成于轴心文明时期的天下主义大一统对“万邦”的伦理论,在过程性结构上是“华夏”对“四夷”的以文化人而化成天下,在结果性结构上追求治平论。与此相对,西方国际观虽然有希腊-罗马的历史背景,但其城邦国家-帝国-神权政体-封建政体-绝对主义国家-民族国家的多重巨变,决定了其国际观主要形成于民族国家形成时期,民族论是其起点性结构,在对外关系中信奉实力政治,结果性结构必然是帝国论。百年未有之大变局也避免不了两种文明观之间的纠缠,文明之间不存在替代论,但中国天下观应该为人类文明新形态注入活力。China's series of initiatives on a new form of human civilization imply a shift in China's role from a"nation"to a"global"player,thereby necessitating an answer to the fundamental question of""Who is China."Historical political science offers valuable insights into China's identity.Through a comparative analysis of civilizations,it becomes evident that China,with its continuous millennia-long history,has consistently placed"people"as its highest political objective.In its developmental phases,this translates into a starting structural framework of Tianxia universalism,a moral theory encompassing"all under heaven,"a process-oriented structure of"Hua Xia"cultural assimilation of"the four barbarians,"and a results-oriented pursuit of the concept of"zhiping",or governing with peace.Conversely,Western international perspectives,despite having their historical roots in Greco-Roman antiquity,were significantly shaped by a series of transformations from city-states to empires,religious-based governance,feudal systems,absolutist states,and,eventually,the emergence of nation-states.These multiple transitions determined that Western international views primarily took shape during the period of nation-state formation.Nationalism served as their foundational structural element,advocating power politics in external relations,and leading to an imperialistic perspective as the ultimate results-oriented structure.Presently,the world faces an unprecedented upheaval,which inevitably involves the interplay of these two contrasting worldviews.It's essential to emphasize that different civilizations should not be seen as interchangeable;rather,China's Tianxia perspective should inject vitality into the new form of global human civilization.

关 键 词：天下观 国际观 世界秩序 人类文明新形态 历史政治学 

分 类 号：D09[政治法律—政治学]