秦简所见“执法”新考与秦郡行政  

A New Study on the Zhifa Seen in Qin Bamboo Slips and the Administration of Qin Commandery(Jun)

作　　者：高佳莉 王彦辉[1] GAO Jiali;WANG Yanhui

机构地区：[1]东北师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《社会科学》2023年第11期54-65,共12页Journal of Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“秦汉身份秩序与社会结构研究”(项目编号:21AZS006)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：岳麓秦简所见的“执法”应为中央与地方部分行政官员的统称,秦中央与郡中并不存在以“执法”为名的独立机构和官称。“执法”与“二千石官”有密切联系,在中央包括内史、御史、廷尉等官员,负责处理中县道及全国的相关事务;在地方则指郡守与郡尉,负责新置“郡县道”下的各类政务。以上长官与其属吏组成了“执法官”,亦即广义上的“执法”。郡制实行之初的意义在于衔接中央与地方,郡的主要职责是代表中央推行并监督政令的实施以及接受县级政府的政务汇报,实为中央在地方的代表,这是地方执法仅见于郡级行政机构的原因。中央执法与郡执法的存在虽体现出秦治理国家的“内外之别”,但二者在行政中仍具备程序上的一致性,显示了郡县制推行到全国后国家权力对地方行政的支配与限制。The Zhifa seen in the Yuelu Qin bamboo slips should be a general term for some central and local administrative officials and there were no independent institutions or official titles named Zhifa within the central part or commanderies of the Qin.There was a close connection between Zhifa and Er-qian-shi officials,including officials such as the Ting Lieutenant,Yushi,and Neishi in the central government,responsible for handling affairs of the central commandery and the whole country;At the local level,it refers to the Junshou and Junwei responsible for various government administration under the newly established commandery.The above officials and their subordinates formed the rank of Zhifa officials,broadly known as Zhifa.At the beginning of the implementation of the commandery system,its intention was to connect the central and local governments.The main responsibility of the commandery was to represent the central government in promoting and supervising the implementation of government orders,as well as receiving government reports from county governments.That was why local Zhifa was only seen in commandery administrative agencies.Although the existence of central Zhifa and commandery Zhifa reflected the Qin's foci of governance on the affairs outside and inside the empire respectively,the two stll had procedural consistency in administration,indicating the domination and limitation of state power over local administration after the prefecture-country system was implemented nationwide.

关 键 词：秦 执法 廷尉 郡守 郡尉 

分 类 号：K233[历史地理—历史学]