《民法典》视域下形式瑕疵遗嘱效力的解释规则  

Interpretation Rules for the Validity of Wills with Formal Flaws in the Civil Code

作　　者：张芸[1] 李安宁 ZHANG Yun;LI An-ning

机构地区：[1]西南财经大学法学院

出　　处：《北方法学》2023年第6期58-69,共12页Northern Legal Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“《民法总则》体系解释视角下法律行为理论再造研究”(19CFX056)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：“遗嘱形式强制”理念是罗马法的遗产,受此观念的影响,各国均强调遗嘱必须遵守形式规范。然而近代民法以意思自治为原则,遗嘱自由是该原则在继承法领域的体现。形式强制与意思自治的冲突广泛存在。《民法典》对遗嘱形式做出了严格要求,然而司法实践中法院将形式瑕疵遗嘱认定为有效的情形并不鲜见。可见,从学理上构建一套形式瑕疵遗嘱效力的解释规则确有必要。从历史维度看,遗嘱法定形式日渐式微乃大势所趋;从现实维度看,基于《民法典》体系,形式瑕疵遗嘱被认定为有效存在解释空间。应先确定不同遗嘱中形式要素的功能,然后再判断缺乏形式要件的遗嘱是否有效。申言之,遗嘱中期日的缺失以及代书遗嘱中遗嘱人仅按手印这两种类型的形式瑕疵并不必然导致遗嘱无效;其他类型的严重形式瑕疵将导致遗嘱无效,除非当事人举证证明遗嘱为遗嘱人的终意表示。The concept of formal coercion of testamentary is the heritage of Roman law,and influenced by this concept,various countries emphasize that wills must comply with formal norms.However,modern civil law takes autonomy of will as the principle,and testamentary freedom is the embodiment of this principle in the field of inheritance law.The conflict between formal coercion and autonomy of will exists widely.The Civil Code imposes strict requirements on the form of wills.However,judicial practice shows that it is not uncommon for courts to still determine that a will is valid even if there are flaws in the form of the will.It can be seen that it is indeed necessary to construct a set of interpretation rules for the validity of wills with formal defects from a theoretical perspective.From a historical perspective,it is a general trend that the legal form of wills is declining;From a practical perspective,based on the Civil Code system,there is room for interpretation when a will with formal flaws is deemed a valid will.The functions of the formal elements in different wills should first be determined.Then determine whether the flawed will is valid.In other words,formal defects such as the absence of year,month and day in the will and the testator’s thumbprint in the will do not necessarily lead to the invalidity of the will.Other types of serious formal defects will invalidate a will,unless the party concerned provides evidence to prove that the will is the final expression of the testator’s intention.

关 键 词：遗嘱形式 形式瑕疵 自书遗嘱 代书遗嘱 共同遗嘱 

分 类 号：DF52[政治法律—民商法学]