因果过度决定与认知层次分析  

Causal Overdetermination and the Analysis of Cognitive Hierarchy

作　　者：李安然 张志林[1] Li Anran;ZZhang Zhilin(School of Philosophy,Fudan University Shanghai 200433,China)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《科学．经济．社会》2023年第5期59-70,共12页Science Economy Society

摘　　要：因果过度决定是困扰着因果反事实理论的一个难题。通过澄清该难题的含义,陈述细粒度策略解决方案以及刘易斯对此方案的反驳,然后借助对思维经济原则的分析,指出因果过度决定难题导源于对思维经济性的过分追求,进而引出认知层次问题。认知层次的确定应以所需解决的问题为导向,而不存在绝对的统一标准,人类认知也无须这样的标准。对因果过度决定难题典型案例的分析表明,虽然理性分析策略似乎可解决砸碎玻璃瓶之类的难题,但因忽视人脑的计算消耗而无法分析认知层次问题。比较而言,资源理性分析策略基于计算时间来测算大脑的计算消耗,从而约束一分到底的分层倾向,注重计算代价与认知效用之间的动态平衡,乃是优于简单理性分析策略的方案。Causal overdetermination is a difficult problem in the causal counterfactual theory.This paper first clarifies the meaning of the problem,and states the fine-grained strategy solution and Lewis'refutation of this solution.Then,by analyzing the principle of thinking economy,it points out that the problem is caused by the excessive pursuit of thinking economy,and then leads to the cognitive hierarchy problem.This paper emphasizes that the determination of cognitive level should be oriented to the problem to be solved,and there is no absolute uniform standard,and in fact,human cognition does not need such a standard.The analysis of a typical case of the causal overdetermination problem shows that while the rational analysis strategy seems to solve problems such as breaking glass bottles,they are unable to analyze cognitive hierarchy problems due to ignoring the computational consumption of the human brain.Comparatively speaking,the resource rational analysis strategy is superior to the rational analysis strategy by measuring the brain's computing consumption based on computing time,so as to constrain the hierarchical tendency of one point to the bottom,and pay attention to the dynamic balance between computational cost and cognitive utility.

关 键 词：因果过度决定 认知层次 思维经济原则 理性分析 资源理性分析 

分 类 号：B089[哲学宗教—哲学理论]