格式条款内容控制法律后果研究  

The Legal Consequence of the Content Control of Standard Terms

作　　者：张瑞 Zhang Rui

机构地区：[1]湖北经济学院法学院

出　　处：《荆楚法学》2023年第4期17-30,共14页Jingchu Law Review

基　　金：2021年湖北省教育厅哲学社会科学研究项目“使用泛社会化趋势下格式条款规制研究”(项目编号:21Q215)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：就格式条款内容控制的法律后果,《民法典》第497条一概规定为无效,如此不仅剥夺了相对人意思自治,更撕裂了法律行为制度内在逻辑。然“可变更”设想已彻底破产,至于“可撤销”及“显失公平”构想均难以有效救济相对人权益。当前应从适用解释出发,认定违反《民法典》第144条、第146条、第153条、第154条和第506条的格式条款无效,且当判断是否违反公共秩序时,应留意格式条款使用泛社会化。而当“免除或减轻使用人责任、加重相对人责任、限制相对人主要权利”或“排除对方主要权利”的格式条款破坏了当事人之间权利义务配置公平时,则应将追认权导入格式条款内容控制规范,以软化无效法律后果之严苛性。同时相对人应自格式条款订入合同时起十五日内作出是否追认的表示,未追认时格式条款自始无效。此时若不影响合同其他条款效力的,其他条款继续有效;若其他条款因此无法继续履行,或者继续履行会导致使用人遭受严重不公平或使相对人遭受不公平的,则其他条款随之失效。As far as the legal consequences of the content control of standard terms,Article 497 of the Civil Code generally stipulates that it is invalid,which does not only deprive the relative person of autonomy,but also tears the internal logic of the legal act system.However,the idea of"changeable"put forward by previous scholars has been completely bankrupt,and the ideas of"revocable"and"obviously unfair"are difficult to effectively relieve the rights and interests of the counterpart.At present,we should start from the applicable interpretation to determine that the standard terms that violate Articles 144,146,153,154 and 506 of the Civil Code are invalid.When judging whether they violate public order,we should pay attention to the pan socialization of the use of standard terms.However,when the standard terms of"exempting or mitigating the user's liability,increasing the liability of the counterpart,and limiting the principal rights of the counterpart"or"excluding the principal rights of the counterpart"undermine the fairness of the allocation of rights and obligations between the parties,it is suggested that the right of ratification should be introduced into the content control specification of the standard terms to soften the severity of the legal consequences of invalidity.At the same time,the counterpart shall indicate whether or not to ratify the standard terms within 15 days from the date when the standard terms are entered into the contract.If not,the standard terms shall be invalid from the beginning.If the validity of other terms of the contract is not affected at this time,other terms shall continue to be valid;if other terms cannot be continued to perform,or the continued performance will cause the user to suffer serious unfairness or cause the opposite party to suffer unfairness,other terms will become invalid.

关 键 词：格式条款 内容控制 法律后果 追认权 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]