第四代人权:数字生活世界中的认知权利  

The Fourth Generation of Human Rights:Epistemic Rights in Digital Lifeworlds

作　　者： 吴兰(译) 贺妍(译) 翟志勇(校)[2] Mathias Risse;Wu Lan(translated);He Yan(translated)

机构地区：[1]美国哈佛大学肯尼迪政府学院卡尔人权政策中心 [2]北京航空航天大学法学院

出　　处：《荆楚法学》2023年第4期43-58,共16页Jingchu Law Review

摘　　要：一些致力于民主人权的国家并没有根据新的技术可能性调整民主和人权,而是以监控资本主义告终。但优化升级治理体系对民主与人权治理理念的存续至关重要,本文旨在为这一目标做出贡献。文章将提出基于四种角色的认知行为框架,并从两个方面对数字生活世界的特征与重要意义进行说明:其一,探究其如何契合迈克斯·泰格马克(Max Tegmark)的生命阶段区分模型以及如何生成自己的认知和数据认知;其二,讨论信息权力(一个受福柯启发的术语)的巨大可能性。强化现有人权的一系列(作为第四代人权一部分的)认知权利,需要保护四种角色中的认知能力,而这种提升的实现还有很长的路要走。从长远来看,随着我们进入生命3.0阶段(Life 3.0),我们需要一种新的人权,即真正的行使人类智力的权利。好消息是,只要可证实人类生命在自然科学所描述的无情世界中的意义,我们便可证实对非人类智能生命的权利。我们希望这种论点能够说服一个超级智能体——根据定义,其智力远在我们之上,而且难以预料。Countries committed to democracy and human rights did not upgrade their systems.Instead of adjusting democracy and human rights to the new technological possibilities,those countries ended up with surveillance capitalism.It is vital for the sheer survival of those ideas about governance to perform such an upgrade.The present project aims to contribute to that.I propose a framework of epistemic actorhood in terms of four roles,and characterize digital life-worlds and what matters about them,in terms of both how they fit in with Max Tegmark's distinction among various stages of human life and how they give rise to their own episteme and the data episteme,with its immense possibilities of infopower(vocabulary inspired by Foucault).A set of epistemic rights that strengthen existing human rights-as part of a fourth generation of rights-is needed to protect epistemic actorhood in those roles,which would be a long way to-wards performing this kind of upgrade.In the long run,as we progress into Life 3.O,we need a new kind of human right,the right to the exercise of genuinely human intelligence.The good news is that,to the extent that we can substantiate the meaning of human life in the uncaring world that natural science describes,we can substantiate such a right vis-à-vis non-human intelligent life.We must hope that arguments of this sort can persuade a superior intelligence-which is by definition,massively beyond ours,and hard to anticipate.

关 键 词：认知权利 第四代人权 信息权力 数字生活世界 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]