日本刑法法典化的限度控制、技术路径及启示  

On the Limits,Technical Approach and Enlightenment of the Codification of Japanese Criminal Law

作　　者：姜瀛[1] Jiang Ying

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2023年第4期124-137,共14页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“司法解释与刑法修正案重复输出困境及其关系协同对策研究”(项目编号:23BFX130)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：日本刑法立法呈现出刑法典、(狭义)特别刑法与行政刑法三足鼎立的“多元化”格局。相比于其他大陆法系国家或地区,日本刑法典分则条文数量少且罪状内容简洁,所涉犯罪大多为自然犯,属于典型的“小型法典”体例,彰显出有限法典化立场。有限法典化立场能够在刑法典之外保留充分的刑事立法空间,以(狭义)特别刑法或行政刑法及时回应社会发展中的刑法诉求,而刑法典的修改完善则多是以“小修小补”为主,整体上保持相对稳定。同时,(狭义)特别刑法可以将“程序、证据与犯罪预防”等多种内容融于一身,充分贯彻刑事一体化要求,行政刑法中的罪刑规范明确,不存在空白罪状指向模糊难题,也避免规范衔接负担,二者在立法技术上表现出相对优势。当然,由于日本在刑法典之外保留出大量刑事立法空间,犯罪圈高度扩张,因而司法上普遍采取程序出罪机制,且刑罚整体轻缓,由此实现立法积极与司法消极的整体平衡。日本刑法立法的有限法典化立场及其技术优势,对回应我国刑法法典化立场纷争以及确立刑法立法模式之未来走向具有启示意义。Japanese criminal law legislation presents a“diversification”pattern of three pillars:the Criminal Code,Special Criminal Law,and Administrative Criminal Law.Compared to other civil law countries or regions,the Japanese Criminal Code has fewer specific provisions and a concise description of crimes.Most of the crimes stipulated are natural offenders,belonging to a typical“small-scale code”style,highlighting the limited codification position.The position of limited codification can reserve sufficient criminal legislative space outside the Criminal Code,and respond to the demands of criminal law in social development in a timely manner with special criminal law or administrative criminal law.However,the modification and improvement of the Criminal Code mainly focus on“minor repairs and minor supplements”,and overall maintain relative stability.At the same time,the special criminal law can integrate various contents such as“procedures,evidence and Crime prevention”,fully implement the requirements of criminal integration,and the criminal norms in the administrative criminal law are clear.There is no problem that blank counts point to ambiguity,and also avoid the burden of standard convergence.The two show comparative advantages in legislative technology.Due to the fact that Japan retaining a large amount of criminal legislation space outside of the Criminal Code,the criminal circle is highly expanded,and therefore the judiciary generally adopts procedural measures to committed crimes,and the punishment is generally mild,thus achieving an overall balance between legislative positivity and judicial negativity.The limited codification stance and technical advantages of Japanese criminal law legislation have enlightening significance for responding to the disputes over China’s criminal law codification stance and establishing the future direction of the criminal law legislative model.

关 键 词：刑法典 法典化 附属刑法 行政刑法 刑法立法模式 

分 类 号：D914[政治法律—刑法学]