论违约过失相抵与减损规则的适用关系  

On the Applicable Relationship between Comparative Negligence and the Rule of Mitigation

作　　者：涂燕辉 谢鸿飞[2] Tu Yanhui;Xie Hongfei

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院大学法学院 [2]中国社会科学院法学研究所

出　　处：《荆楚法学》2023年第5期19-33,共15页Jingchu Law Review

摘　　要：在违约责任中,由于债权人原因导致损害的发生或者扩大的,传统民法学提供了两种相似的救济制度,一是过失相抵,二是减损规则。理论上就二者之间的法律关系一直存有争议,独立说主张减损规则具有独立性以替代过失相抵,吸收说主张减损规则无独立性应包含于过失相抵,并列说主张减损规则与过失相抵可以同时规定,并列说的立法模式更加可取。在并列模式下,二者构成要件为包含关系,法律后果却截然不同,应为法条竞合关系,过失相抵为一般法条,减损规则为特殊法条。二者的区分标准过去通常采“时间顺序说”,但容易陷入一刀切式的适用困境。法条竞合关系下二者的区分因素应为债权人行为的不合理程度,即减损规则中债权人行为应具有“明显不合理性”,过失相抵则无该要求。“明显不合理性”的确定系多种因素动态调整的结果,考量的因素包括但不限于“过错程度高低”“因果关系强弱”“特定损害可识别性”以及“减损能力大小”等因素,须进行个案认定。In the liability for the breach of contract,if the damage occurs or expands due to the creditor's reasons,the traditional civil law provides two similar relief systems,one is comparative negligence,the other is mitigation rule.In theory,there has been controversy on the legal relationship between them.The independent theory maintains that the rule of mitigation has independence to replace the comparative negligence,the absorption theory maintains that the rule of mitigation has no independence,and should be included in the comparative negligence,and the parallel theory maintains that the rule of mitigation and comparative negligence can be stipulated simultaneously.The legislative model of the parallel theory is more desirable.The constitutive elements of the two are the inclusion relation,but the legal consequences are completely different.They should be the concurrence relation of articles,comparative negligence is the general article,and the rule of mitigation is the special article.The distinction between the two was usually"chronological",but it is easy to fall into the dilemma of one-size-fits-all application.The distinguishing factor of the two should be the unreasonable degree of the creditor's behavior,that is,the creditor's behavior should have"obvious irrationality"in the mitigation rule,but there is no such requirement for the comparative negligence.The determination of"obvious irrationality"is the result of dynamic adjustment of a variety of factors,including but not limited to"degree of fault","causal relationship strength","specific damage recognizability"and other factors,which should be identified on a case-to-case basis.

关 键 词：民法典 过失相抵 减损规则 法条竞合 动态调整 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]