作物土传病害防控的健康微生物群落构建原理与实践  

Principles and Practice of Building Healthy Microbial Community to Control Soil-borne Crop Disease in Intensive Agriculture

作　　者：蔡祖聪[1,2,3] 黄新琦 赵军[1,2,3] CAI Zucong;HUANG Xinqi;ZHAO Jun(School of Geography Sciences,Nanjing Normal University,Nanjing 210023,China;Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization and Agricultural Sustainable Development of Jiangsu Province,Nanjing 210023,China;Collaborative Innovation Center for the Development and Utilization of Jiangsu Geographic Information Resources,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学地理科学学院,南京210023 [2]江苏省土壤利用与农业可持续发展工程研究中心,南京210023 [3]江苏省地理信息资源开发与利用协同创新中心,南京210023

出　　处：《土壤学报》2023年第5期1213-1220,共8页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重大项目课题(42090065);联合基金重点支持项目(U21A20226)资助。

摘　　要：植物-土壤反馈效应及农田生产特点决定了农田土壤生产力的不可持续性,因而必须采用适当的措施方可保持地力常新。施用化肥解决了农田土壤的养分贫化问题,极大地提高了作物产量,但激发了土传病原生物的活性,作物土传病频发成为制约集约化农业可持续发展的瓶颈问题。现有的研究成果表明,地上生物多样性与土壤微生物多样性紧密联系,植物提供的有机物质是连接二者的物质基础。单一作物种植的集约化农业提供给土壤微生物可利用的有机物质来源单一,导致土壤微生物多样性下降,削弱对土传病原生物致病性的抑制作用。本文提出,在作物生长过程中添加土壤有益微生物偏好利用的有机物质,激活土壤有益微生物,可能是维持集约化农业土壤生物健康,抑制作物土传病的有效途径。为此,有必要开展各种土壤微生物偏好利用的有机物质以及作物生长过程中如何施用有机物质的方法。The objective of crop production is to harvest the photosynthetic products of crops.The harvest of these products reduces the amount of organic materials returned into the croplands,resulting in a decline in organic matter and available nutrient contents in farmland soil.Such characteristics of farmland production and the plant-soil feedback result in the unsustainable nature of farmland soil productivity.Therefore,it is crucial to implement appropriate countermeasures to sustain soil productivity.The application of chemical fertilizers addresses the issue of nutrient depletion in farmland soil and substantially enhances crop yield.Intensive agriculture,characterized by the high use of chemicals,achieves high crop yield,but also generally stimulates the activity of soil-borne pathogens.Consequently,the frequent occurrence of crop soil-borne diseases has become a bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of intensive agriculture.The existing studies have demonstrated a close association between aboveground biodiversity and soil microbial biodiversity,and plant-derived organic resource serves as the foundation for this relationship.Generally,soil-borne pathogens benefit more from crop root exudates than the antagonistic microbes.Monocropping in intensive agriculture leads to the simplification of available organic resources,resulting in a reduction in the biodiversity of active soil microbes,which further weakens soil suppressive ability against soil-borne pathogens.This paper proposes the addition of organic compounds during crop cultivation that can sustain the biodiversity of active soil microbes or enhance the activity of beneficial microbes,as an effective strategy to maintain soil biological health and suppress soil-borne diseases in intensive agriculture.To achieve this,it is crucial to investigate the organic compounds preferred by soil beneficial microorganisms and determine the optimal methods for organic amendment during crop growth.

关 键 词：土壤健康 集约农业 有机物 病原菌 土壤生物多样性 

分 类 号：S154.3[农业科学—土壤学]