GPT技术下的自发秩序与社会工程:基于马克思与哈耶克的讨论  

Spontaneous Order and Social Engineering under GPT Technology:A Discussion Based on Marx and Hayek

作　　者：高奇琦[1] GAO Qi-qi(School of Government,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620,China)

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学政府管理学院,上海201620

出　　处：《南通大学学报（社会科学版）》2023年第6期1-12,共12页Journal of Nantong University:Social Sciences Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“加快数字化发展与建设数字中国的政治保障研究”(21AZD021)。

摘　　要：哈耶克认为,唯科学主义方法论存在三个谬误:客观主义、集体主义和历史主义。社会工程是唯科学主义在社会中的典型应用案例。哈耶克主张用主观主义、个体主义和综合方法来推动社会科学的研究。GPT是客观主义、个体主义和演化主义的新型混合物,其把哈耶克所反对的集体主义和历史主义抛开,保留了客观主义,同时将哈耶克主张的个体主义和演化主义综合方法引入其中。GPT在很大程度上表现出某种自发秩序的特征,主要表现在智能的自发涌现、经济秩序的间断均衡、大模型的涌现性垄断等方面。在GPT演进的基础上已经形成了某种自发秩序。然而,这种自发秩序并不是哈耶克愿景中的理想秩序,因为这种秩序最终导致的结果是大模型垄断。阿特曼的乌托邦社会工程的核心,是希望人工智能的发展成果可以被全人类共享的赛博乌托邦。阿特曼如此强调全民基本收入,可能有对未来发展的整体性思考、对技术强大效应的内心恐惧以及企业发展的商业策略等多方面动机。尽管阿特曼提出了一整套的乌托邦社会工程的思路,但是其在问题解决的方案中有诸多的思维断裂。在GPT技术的基础之上,可能会出现一种新型的奴役,其表现为算法和机器对人的奴役。从另一角度来讲,GPT似乎又描述了一种新型的自由之路。如何在让技术进步的同时用制度化的力量驯服技术,让人类进入一种在科技基础之上更为理想的状态就会变得至关重要。Hayek believes that there are three fallacies in the methodology of scientism:objectivism,collectivism and historicism.Social-engineering is a typical application case of scientism in society.Hayek advocated the research of social science with subjectivism,individualism and synthesized approach.GPT is a new mixture of objectivism,individualism and evolutionism,which puts aside the collectivism and historicism opposed by Hayek,retaining objectivism,and introduces the integrated approach of individualism and evolutionism advocated by Hayek into it.To a large extent,GPT shows some characteristics of spontaneous order,shown mainly in the spontaneous emergence of intelligence,punctuated equilibrium of economic order,and emergent monopoly of LLM.On the basis of the evolution of GPT,a kind of spontaneous order has been formed.However,this spontaneous order is not the ideal order in Hayek’s vision,because it ultimately leads to the monopoly of LLM.The core of Altman’s utopian social project is a cyber-utopia that cultivates the development of artificial intelligence to be shared by mankind as a whole.Altman’s emphasis on universal basic income may be motivated by a holistic consideration about the future,a fear of the powerful effects of technology,and a business strategy for corporate development.Although Altman has put forward a whole set of utopian social-engineering ideas,there are many thinking fractures in the solution of the problem.On the basis of GPT technology,a new type of slavery may emerge,an enslavement of human beings by algorithms and machines.On the other hand,GPT seems to have described a new approach to freedom.How to tame technology with institutionalized power while allowing it to advance,leading humanity into a more idealized status on the basis of science and technology is of vital importance.

关 键 词：GPT ChatGPT 马克思 哈耶克 自发秩序 社会工程 

分 类 号：D61[政治法律—政治学] TP18[政治法律—中外政治制度]