运城盆地小麦丰产年特征分析及丰产策略  

Analysis of the Characteristics of Wheat High Yield Years and Strategies for High Yield in Yuncheng Basin

作　　者：王健 卫晓东 杨娜[1] 王珂 席吉龙 张建诚 席天元 WANG Jian;WEI Xiaodong;YANG Na;WANG Ke;XI Jilong;ZHANG Jiancheng;XI Tianyuan(Institute of Cotton,Shanxi Agricultural University,Yuncheng 044000,China)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学棉花研究所,山西运城044000

出　　处：《山西农业科学》2023年第12期1360-1369,共10页Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：运城市农业科技攻关项目(2021YNGG04);国家重点研发项目(2021YFD1901102-4)。

摘　　要：运城盆地小麦产能约占全省56%,其小麦产量的提高关乎山西的粮食安全。受多种因素影响,近年来运城小麦的单产呈逐年升高趋势,2022年小麦单产更是突破了历史峰值。分析不同年份下的小麦丰产原因,以期为今后小麦高产创建提供指导。从2001—2020年间小麦单产的波动式升高趋势看,2004、2008、2012、2015、2017、2020、2022年,运城小麦平均单产显著高于相邻年份,对小麦播期、秋季降雨量等因素比较可知,小麦高产年份7—9月降雨量明显高于相邻年份,受播前降雨影响,播期相应推迟10~15 d,冬前积温显著减少。7—9月的高降雨量不仅可踏实土壤,提高小麦播种质量,为丰产奠定良好的苗情基础,也为来年小麦丰收累积丰富的底墒;推迟播期减少冬前积温,避免了冬前旺长造成的养分水分前期无效消耗,减少了病虫发生基数,同时,使生育进程适当延后,降低了冬季冻害和春季倒春寒发生风险。越冬期平均气温、极端低温升高,极端低温天数减少,也有利于小麦安全越冬。返青拔节期积温降低,降雨增多,也适度延缓了拔节期,提高抗晚霜冻能力;春季灌水提前,“一喷三防”提早增次等措施,为晚播高产群体创建提供了保障。灌浆成熟期积温降低、日照时数增加,延缓了叶片衰老,提高了叶片光合能力,平均温度初期升高、中期降低,更有利于小麦灌浆,提高灌浆速率,后期平均温度升高,使籽粒灌浆提早结束,避开了干热风,提高了小麦千粒质量。气候变暖的特征还在持续,依据高产年份的共同特征,形成以“适度晚播,平衡冬春生长;春水提前,平抑生育进程;氮肥后移,平衡养分需求”的栽培策略,使小麦生长状态与高产年份相吻合,既能适应气候变化的趋势与特征,降低气象灾害风险,也为小麦在不同年型下产量稳定提高提供了可能。The wheat production capacity of the Yuncheng Basin accounts for about 56%of the whole province,and the improvement of its wheat production is related to the food security of Shanxi province.Influenced by various factors,the yield per unit area of wheat in Yuncheng has been increasing year by year in recent years,and the yield per unit area of wheat reached a historical peak in 2022.In this study,the reasons for the high yield of wheat in different years were analyzed to provide guidance for achieving high yields of wheat in the future.According to the fluctuating upward trend of wheat yield per unit area from 2001 to 2020,the average yield per unit area in 2004,2008,2012,2015,2017,2020,2022 was significantly higher than that in neighboring years.By comparing factors such as wheat sowing date and autumn rainfall,it could be seen that the rainfall in July to September during high-yield years of wheat was significantly higher than that in adjacent years.Affected by pre-sowing rainfall,the sowing date was correspondingly delayed by 10-15 d,and the accumulated temperature before winter was significantly reduced.High rainfall from July to September not only helped to firm the soil and improved the quality of wheat sowing to establish a good seedling foundation for high yield but also accumulated abundant soil moisture for the next year's wheat harvest.Delaying the sowing date reduced the accumulated temperature before winter,preventing the ineffective consumption of nutrients and water in the early stage caused by vigorous growth before winter and reducing the basic number of pests and diseases.Additionally,appropriately delaying the growth process could reduce the risk of winter freezing injury and spring freezing injury.The average temperature and extreme low temperature during the overwintering period increased,and the number of days with extreme low temperature decreased,which was also conducive to the safe overwintering of wheat.From the regreening to the jointing stage,the accumulated temperature decreased while

关 键 词：小麦 高产年份 气候特征 应对策略 运城盆地 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]