俄罗斯联邦共产党30年:重建、发展与挑战  

30 Years of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation:Reconstruction,Development and Challenges

作　　者：刘雪野 Liu Xueye

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院俄罗斯东欧中亚研究所

出　　处：《俄罗斯学刊》2023年第6期86-112,共27页Academic Journal of Russian Studies

基　　金：中国社会科学院博士后创新项目“普京时代政治思潮”阶段性成果。

摘　　要：俄罗斯联邦共产党成立于1990年6月。1991年“8·19”事件后,叶利钦趁打击苏共之机禁止了俄共的活动,由此引发“苏共案”。1992年,俄罗斯宪法法院对“苏共案”做出裁决,俄共解禁。1993年,俄共恢复重建,成为合法政党。自此,俄共以体制内反对派身份开启议会生涯,一度成为国家杜马第一大党,实现了组织复兴。普京上台后,进行政党制改革,加强对议会的控制,并采取一系列措施分化、打压俄共。俄共步入低谷,失去了国家杜马第一大党位置。俄共做出调整以适应新形势,并逐渐发展定型。在近三届杜马选举中,其得票率波动回升,长期稳居国家杜马第二大党。总体而言,俄共的发展主要受制于当局。在有限生存空间内,俄共长期稳居议会第二大党的关键在于自身。在诸多属性中,反对派立场相对不稳定,是影响其得票率的重要变量。俄共在俄乌冲突问题上的立场与当局趋同,削弱了其反对派政党底色。应对地缘政治事件的战略风险以及长期存在的自身局限是俄共面临的双重挑战。The Communist Party of the Russian Federation(CPRF)was established in June 1990.In 1991,Yeltsin took advantage of the opportunity to attack the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and banned the activities of CPRF,which triggered the"Case of Communist Party of the Soviet Union".In 1992,the"Case of Communist Party of the Soviet Union"was concluded and the CPRF was lifted from the ban.In 1993,the CPRF was restored and rebuilt.Since then,it has started its parliamentary career as an opposition within the political system.It once became the largest party in the State Duma and achieved organizational rejuvenation.After Putin came to power,he took a series of measures to divide and suppress the CPRF.The party thus entered a trough and lost its position as the largest party in the State Duma.Accordingly,it made adjustments to adapt to the new situation and gradually developed.In the past three Duma elections,its vote share has generally rebounded,and its status as the second largest party in the State Duma is quite stable.In a nutshell,the development of the CPRF was mainly restricted by the authorities.In a limited living space,the key to the long-term position as the second largest party in parliament lies in itself.Among many attributes,the unstable position of the opposing parties is an important variable affecting its vote share.The stance of the CPRF on the conflict between Russia and Ukraine converges with that of the authorities,weakening the background of its opposition party.The strategic risks of geopolitical events and its own long-standing limitations are dual challenges facing the CPRF.

关 键 词：俄共 “苏共案” 国家杜马选举 俄乌冲突 

分 类 号：D73[政治法律—政治学] D77.512.64[政治法律—中外政治制度]