敦煌的早期开发与有关问题(一)——《尧典》中“三危”“三苗”的考古学观察  

Early Explorations of Dunhuang and Relevant Issues(I)—Archaeological Observations on“Sanwei”and“Sanmiao”in the Yao Dian

作　　者：戴春阳[1] DAI Chunyang(Editorial Department,Dunhuang Academy,Lanzhou 730030,Gansu)

机构地区：[1]敦煌研究院编辑部,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《敦煌研究》2023年第5期113-124,共12页Dunhuang Research

摘　　要：讨论敦煌早期开发,绕不开《尧典》“窜三苗于三危”。从孔子编《尧典》与性质可知,“三危”出自神话传说,与“帝尧”所控疆域无关。近年陶寺古城、石家河文化分别被学界公认为可与“尧都”和“三苗”对应。从考古学角度观察,“帝尧”数百年间始终偏居于晋西南一隅,据《尧典》而索三危必然无解。而“三苗”在与中原地区王湾三期交流的过程中被后者融合、替代。《尧典》所言“窜三苗于三危”本就虚妄,依此索骥,无异于缘木求鱼。Any discussion of the early development of Dunhuang cannot neglect to mention a sentence that describes“chasing the Sanmiao三苗[an ancient tribal group]to Sanwei三危[a place name]”in theYao Dian尧典(Canon of Yao).Judging from the textual background of the Yao Dian and the fact that it was compiled by Confucius,it can be inferred that the name“Sanwei”actually came from Chinese mythology and had nothing to do with the domain ruled by Emperor Yao.In recent years,it has generally been accepted among academia that the ancient city of Taosi陶寺and late Neolithic Shijiahe culture respectively correspond to the capital of the Yao kingdom and the Sanmiao people.Archaeological evidence shows records claiming that“Emperor Yao”lived in the southwest region of contemporary Shanxi Province for several hundred years,which would make further exploration of Sanwei based on theYao Dian unreliable.In fact,the Sanmiao were merged into and eventually superseded by the WangwanⅢphase of the Longshan cultural period in the Central Plains following a process of prolonged mutual communication.The line about“chasing the Sanmiao to Sanwei”in theYao Dian is not a historically accurate event,and as a result,exploring the location of Sanwei based on this record would not be a fruitful line of research.

关 键 词：敦煌早期历史 《尧典》 三苗与三危 尧帝与三苗 考古学观察 

分 类 号：K870.6[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学] K871.2[历史地理—历史学] K872